Gallbladder Cancer Cell-Derived Exosome-Mediated Transfer of Leptin Promotes Cell Invasion and Migration by Modulating STAT3-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization

Figure 1

GBC-SD cell-derived exosomes promote M2 macrophage polarization and subsequently enhances cell invasion and migration. (a) Identification of GBC-SD cell derived exosome by electron microscopy. (b) Exosome protein expression was detected by Western blot. (c) Identification of macrophage by flow cytometry. (d) qRT-PCR to detect the specific markers for M2-subtype macrophages. (e) Western blot to detect the specific markers for M2-subtype macrophages. (f) Flow cytometry determining the percentage of CD163⁺CD206⁺ cells among total CD68⁺ cells after induction. (g) qRT-PCR to detect the specific markers for M1-subtype macrophages. (h) qRT-PCR to detect the specific markers for M1-subtype macrophages. (i) Transwell assay to detect invasion and migration of GBC-SD cell with PBS or GBC-SD cell derived-exosome treated. Invasion and migration of GBC-SD cell were quantified. Data in (b–i) are representative of three independent experiments; the value was determined by Student’s test.

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