Neuroantibody Biomarkers: Links and Challenges in Environmental Neurodegeneration and Autoimmunity

Figure 6

Mechanisms by which NP produce neurotoxicity and resulting autoantibody generation. (1) Translocation of NP introduced via the olfactory bulbs (or neuromuscular junction: NMJ) to the nervous system via retrograde (RAT) and fast anterograde (FAT) transport; (2) translocated NP may induce lipid peroxidation (e.g., LDL) and oxidative stress, as well as Ca²⁺ overload and displacement from ER/mitochondria; (3) cytoskeletal proteolysis, as a result of Ca²⁺ overload, which also results in mitochondrial derangement (e.g., cardiolipin dissociation). These events result in exposure of autoantigens; (4) recruitment of immune effectors, including microglia, in situ, and peripheral leukocytes; (5) antigen processing, presentation, and antibody production in lymphoid tissue.