Pharmaceutical Pollution: Azole Antifungal Drugs and Resistance of Opportunistic Pathogenic Yeasts in Wastewater and Environmental Water

Table 2

Levels of azole antifungal agents detected in WWTPs and environmental water.

Azole antifungal agents	Maximum detected concentrations (ng/L)					Country	References
	WWTP influent	WWTP effluent	Surface water	Groundwater
Clotrimazole				1.5	China		[30]
	1834				China		[31]
			0.0009		Sweden		[32]
			250	510	India		[29]
	231		23		Egypt		[27]
	22.4	143.3			South Africa		[33]
Ketoconazole	19.9	16.4			Vietnam		[34]
			13.51		India		[28]
			20	90	India		[29]
			0.0014		Sweden		[32]
			140	190	India		[29]
	66.6	9.0			South Africa		[33]
Fluconazole		83			Switzerland		[35]
			111		South Korea		[36]
		140			Sweden		[37]
	170	139			China		[31]
				56.2	China		[30]
		220		83	Sweden		[38]
	167.5	163			Germany		[39]
				124	U.S.A		[40]
			1060	13200	India		[29]
			271.1		South Africa		[41]
	9959	3341			South Africa		[33]
Itraconazole			20	10	India		[29]
		23.7			South Africa		[33]
Econazole	86				China		[31]
		20.1			South Africa		[33]
Miconazole	6.3				China		[42]
	1086				China		[31]
				6.7	China		[30]
	65.6	17.8			India		[43]
	180	25			India		[44]
			1450	78	India		[29]
			13.51		India		[28]
	16.7	16.4			South Africa		[33]
Metronidazole	145	158			Portugal		[45]
				35.6	Taiwan		[35]
	19.9	16.4			Vietnam		[35]
			13.51		India		[28]
			20	90	India		[29]