Research Article
Remediation of Soils Contaminated by Fluoride Using a Fermentation Product of Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii)
Table 2
The influence of fermented seaweed (FSW) amendment on selected soil properties at the end of the experimental phase (120th day).
| | Soil texture (%) | Soil | Soil + FSW (120th day) | | Initial % | 0% | 1.25% | 3% | 5% |
| | sand | 68 ± 1 | 67 ± 1 | 65 ± 3 | 62 ± 3 | 55 ± 5 | | Silt | 21 ± 4 | 20 ± 1 | 21 ± 6 | 21 ± 3 | 22 ± 3 | | Clay | 11 ± 2 | 13 ± 2 | 14 ± 2 | 17 ± 4 | 23 ± 6 | | Water absorption (gH2O/g soil) | 0.02 ± 0.1 | 0.02 ± 0.1 | 0.06 ± 0.1 | 0.17 ± 0.1 | 0.23 ± 0.1 | | pH | 9.3 ± 0.0 | 8.9 ± 0.3 | 7.8 ± 0.1 | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 7.0 ± 0.0 | | CEC (meq/100 g) | 32.8 ± 0.9 | 30.5 ± 0.5 | 34.5 ± 1.7 | 35.3 ± 1.7 | 37 ± 1.3 | | Phosphate (PO43-) (mg/kg) | 17.2 ± 0.4 | 15.8 ± 2 | 12.5 ± 0.4 | 14.0 ± 0.9 | 16.4 ± 0.8 | | Exchangeable bases (mg/kg) | | Na+ | 8.48 ± 1.7 | 6.09 ± 1.9 | 12.8 ± 0.2 | 13.4 ± 3.3 | 14.3 ± 1.3 | | Ca2+ | 4.63 ± 0.3 | 4.66 ± 2.1 | 5.1 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 0.9 | | Mg2+ | 2.03 ± 0.7 | 1.57 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 3.2 ± 1.6 | | K+ | 7.37 ± 1.8 | 7.68 ± 2.3 | 10.5 ± 0.8 | 11.6 ± 3.5 | 13 ± 2.8 | | Electrical conductivity (EC) (μs/cm) | 453.9 ± 2.3 | 451 ± 1.6 | 444 ± 1.3 | 443 ± 0.4 | 440 ± 2 | | Soil organic matter (SOM) (%) | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.3 |
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