Microbiota and Gut Health: Promising Prospects for Clinical Trials from Bench to Bedside

Figure 1

Mutated NOD2 gene product will no longer activate the NF-κB pathway in macrophages and dendritic cells so that no inflammatory cytokines can be released to clear the pathogens, leading to the loss of barrier integrity. As soon as the barrier function was destroyed, more pathogenic microorganisms will enter the intestine, causing dysbiosis, and trigger the onset of IBD.