Microbiota and Gut Health: Promising Prospects for Clinical Trials from Bench to Bedside

Figure 3

The dysbiosis of the gut microbiome does not affect the pathogenesis of IBD. Instead, it interplays with the host immune system, host gene, and the digestive molecules present in the surroundings, forming a complex interaction net and triggering the onset of IBD. Healthy controls’ colon epithelial cells contain more probiotics which can effectively be fermented to produce the by-product butyrate. Butyrate can inhibit the expression of the NF-kB pathway, which inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-17 and Il-22. Probiotics also promote the host immune system to release more anti-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, IBD patients’ colon contains more pathogenic bacteria species, which will increase the release of proinflammatory cytokines and trigger the onset of IBD.