Bile Acids: A Bridge Linking Gut Microbiota and NAFLD

Figure 1

The mechanism of how changed BAs affected liver metabolism. The altered content of DCA and CDCA disrupted the normal liver glucose and lipid metabolism. The increased availability of a substance is depicted by an upwards arrow and the decreased availability by a downwards arrow. BA: bile acid; DCA: deoxycholic acid; CDCA: chenodeoxycholic acid; FXR: farnesoid-X receptors; TGR5: Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5; FGF 19: fibroblast growth factor 19; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; FA: fatty acid; TG: triglyceride; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein; ACCβ: acetyl-CoA carboxylase-β; FGFR: fibroblast growth factor receptor; SHP: small heterodimer partner; SREBP: sterol regulatory element-binding protein; Apo: apolipoprotein; HNF-4: hepatocyte nuclear factor-4.