The Role of Methylation in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Its Prognostic and Therapeutic Impacts in the Disease: A Systematic Review

Table 16

ESR-mediated signaling.

Gene names	Related pathway	Findings in CLL	Ref.
MYB	Gene expression (transcription) ESR-mediated signaling, PI3K-Akt signaling, RNA polymerase I promoter opening	Methylated promoter status in IGVH-mutated cases	[14, 145]
CHD1	ESR-mediated signaling chromatin regulation	Hypermethylated gene promoter reported in CLL samples	[102, 103]
ESR1	PI5P, PP2A, and IER3 pathways, PI3K/Akt signaling, ESR-mediated signaling	ESR1 expression was amplified in 15% of the samples examined with copy number losses frequency ranging between 1 and 10%; ESR1 promoter region was methylated in one out of ten CLL samples controlled; in normal B cells, gene promoter was completely unmethylated	[51, 146–148]

CLL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Ref.: reference, ESR1: estrogen receptor 1, MYB: myeloblastosis, CHD1: chromodomain helicase-DNA-binding protein 1, PI3K-Akt: phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase—protein kinase B, PI5P: phosphatidylinositol 5 phosphate, PP2A: protein phosphatase 2A, IER3: immediate early response 3, IGVH: immunoglobulin variable heavy chain gene.