| | Gene name | Related pathway | Findings in CLL | Ref. |
| | CD5 | Hematopoietic stem cells and lineage-specific markers, TCR signaling | CD5 has been reported to be highly expressed in CLL cells and it is demonstrated to be hypomethylated in promoter and body regions | [37, 94] | | NFATC1 | Regulation of activated PAK-2, activation of cAMP-dependent PKA downstream regulator of the BCR signaling pathway | Through genome-wide DNA methylation, NFATC1 was reported to be globally hypomethylated and, therefore, upregulated NFATC1 promoter hypomethylation correlated inversely with RNA levels and was associated with Binet disease staging and thymidine kinase levels | [105] | | PRF1 | Enhancer of MAPK pathway, Granzyme pathway, and TCR signaling | Methylated gene body was reported in IGVH-mutated cases | [26, 106] | | BCL10 | Activation of the NF-kB pathway, regulation of activated PAK-2 TCR signaling | Unmethylated BCL gene body has been reported in IGVH-mutated patients | [26, 107] |
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CLL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Ref.: reference, NFAT: nuclear factor of activated T-cells, TCR: T-cell receptor, CD5: cluster of differentiation, NFATC1: nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1, PRF1: perforin 1, BCL: B-cell lymphoma, PAK-2: p21 activated kinase, PKA: protein kinase A, BCR: B cell receptor, MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, NF-kB: nuclear factor kappa-beta, IGVH: immunoglobulin variable heavy chain gene.
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