By using the method of data-driven reanalysis, the midrapidity transverse momentum <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" id="M1" height="12.7178pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 22.6749 12.7178" width="22.6749pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-41" d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><path id="g113-113" d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.882,3.132)"><path id="g190-85" d="M592 498C586 556 582 629 581 675H560C545 656 537 650 510 650H115C87 650 74 652 60 675H40C38 620 33 555 28 495H57C69 539 77 568 89 585C102 607 122 616 205 616H267V123C267 44 259 34 168 28V0H454V28C360 34 352 44 352 123V616H422C498 616 514 608 531 584C542 568 552 543 562 495L592 498Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.016,0)"><path id="g113-42" d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z"/></g></svg> spectra of charged hadrons (<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2064009pt" id="M2" height="11.0031pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -10.7967 13.8905 11.0031" width="13.8905pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-238" d="M574 449L545 460C526 432 516 430 487 430C404 430 311 435 226 435C104 435 56 379 25 341L43 318C81 354 121 372 181 372C161 246 87 53 23 3L30 -12C48 -12 88 -4 113 11C157 75 207 248 232 371L386 367L326 109C321 86 318 66 318 50C318 4 339 -12 366 -12C410 -12 461 21 505 69L492 96C467 79 434 60 418 60C406 60 400 78 411 147C422 217 439 300 457 366C487 366 524 367 536 370C547 385 558 408 574 449Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.684,-5.741)"><path id="g54-36" d="M556 236V289H337V504H275V289H56V236H275V-4H337V236H556Z"/></g></svg>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04980087pt" id="M3" height="10.8465pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -10.7967 16.0305 10.8465" width="16.0305pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-76" d="M743 650H503L496 622L527 618C563 613 564 603 532 573C449 495 371 431 323 392C301 374 272 355 246 346L280 522C297 609 300 614 379 622L385 650H135L129 622C209 614 215 609 198 522L124 133C106 39 99 35 23 28L17 0H271L277 28C193 35 192 39 208 133L239 316C264 328 280 325 303 288C368 183 435 90 502 0H652L659 28C602 34 584 43 543 94C495 154 403 283 347 369L574 554C634 603 659 612 735 624L743 650Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.817,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g54-36"/></g></svg>,</span> and <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" id="M4" height="10.2124pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -6.78297 7.83752 10.2124" width="7.83752pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"/></g></svg>)</span> produced in central and peripheral gold-gold (Au-Au) collisions from the Beam Energy Scan (BES) program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) are fitted by using the blast-wave model with the Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics. The model results are in agreement with the experimental data measured by the STAR Collaboration at the RHIC-BES energies. We observe that the kinetic freeze-out temperature <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" id="M5" height="12.5794pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 21.2787 12.5794" width="21.2787pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-41"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><path id="g113-85" d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.674,3.132)"><path id="g50-49" d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.62,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-42"/></g></svg>,</span> transverse flow velocity <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" id="M6" height="12.7178pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 22.5183 12.7178" width="22.5183pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-41"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><path id="g113-224" d="M558 587C558 666 497 712 432 712C379 712 330 691 284 650C212 586 178 508 148 348L71 -65C49 -185 35 -229 23 -235L27 -261C49 -259 101 -251 124 -224C131 -216 138 -178 159 -24C171 66 197 200 227 356C264 550 295 668 393 668C443 668 479 632 479 575C479 516 446 458 383 418C361 404 344 398 318 397L296 350C395 338 460 281 460 192C460 110 411 40 300 40C258 40 215 55 192 69L181 51C191 18 222 -16 266 -16C308 -16 351 1 397 26C471 67 545 142 545 221C545 315 486 365 401 395C469 437 558 498 558 587Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.726,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-85"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.86,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-42"/></g></svg>,</span> mean transverse momentum <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" id="M7" height="12.7178pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 33.4532 12.7178" width="33.4532pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-41"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><path id="g113-61" d="M360 -163L167 270L360 703H298L106 273V267L298 -163H360Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.867,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.251,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-85"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.385,0)"><path id="g113-63" d="M307 267V273L115 703H53L246 270L53 -163H115L307 267Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.754,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-42"/></g></svg>,</span> and initial temperature <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.18147pt" id="M8" height="12.4698pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 19.2783 12.4698" width="19.2783pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-41"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-85"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.674,3.132)"><path id="g190-106" d="M135 536C164 536 186 560 186 587C186 617 164 639 136 639C109 639 85 617 85 587C85 560 109 536 135 536ZM252 0V26C188 32 181 38 181 106V451C138 433 90 420 39 412V388C99 379 102 374 102 312V106C102 38 95 32 32 26V0H252Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.62,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-42"/></g></svg> increase with collision energy as well as with event centrality.

Muhammad Waqas

Bao-Chun Li

Kinetic Freeze-Out Temperature and Transverse Flow Velocity in Au-Au Collisions at RHIC-BES Energies

The two-dimensional hydrogen atom in an external magnetic field is considered in the context of phase space. Using the solution of the Schrödinger equation in phase space, the Wigner function related to the Zeeman effect is calculated. For this purpose, the Bohlin mapping is used to transform the Coulomb potential into a harmonic oscillator problem. Then, it is possible to solve the Schrödinger equation easier by using the perturbation theory. The negativity parameter for this system is realised.

R. A. S. Paiva

R. G. G. Amorim

S. C. Ulhoa

A. E. Santana

F. C. Khanna

Zeeman Effect in Phase Space

Within the framework of Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin (BRST) approach, we discuss <i>mainly</i> the fermionic (i.e., off-shell nilpotent) (anti-)BRST, (anti-)co-BRST, and some discrete dual symmetries of the appropriate Lagrangian densities for a two (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16.776pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M1" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 16.776 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.145,0)"><path id="g117-36" d="M535 230V280H323V490H265V280H52V230H265V-3H323V230H535Z"/></g></svg><span class="ibiop"></span><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="6.415pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="19.6321838 -8.34882 6.415 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.682,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g></svg>)-</span></span>dimensional (2D) modified Proca (i.e., a <i>massive</i> Abelian 1-form) theory <i>without</i> any interaction with matter fields. One of the <i>novel</i> observations of our present investigation is the existence of some kinds of restrictions in the case of our present Stückelberg-modified version of the 2D Proca theory which is <i>not</i> like the standard Curci-Ferrari (CF) condition of a non-Abelian 1-form gauge theory. Some kinds of similarities and a few differences between <i>them</i> have been pointed out in our present investigation. To establish the sanctity of the above off-shell nilpotent (anti-)BRST and (anti-)co-BRST symmetries, we derive <i>them</i> by using our <i>newly</i> proposed (anti-)chiral superfield formalism where a few <i>specific</i> and appropriate sets of invariant quantities play a decisive role. We express the (anti-)BRST and (anti-)co-BRST conserved charges in terms of the superfields that are obtained after the applications of (anti-)BRST and (anti-)co-BRST invariant restrictions and prove their off-shell nilpotency and absolute anticommutativity properties, too. Finally, we make some comments on (i) the novelty of our restrictions/obstructions and (ii) the physics behind the negative kinetic term associated with the pseudoscalar field of our present theory.

B. Chauhan

S. Kumar

A. Tripathi

R. P. Malik

Modified 2D Proca Theory: Revisited under BRST and (Anti-)chiral Superfield Formalisms

The gravitational attraction force being proportional to the mass has been experimentally shown for several hundred years now, but no gravitational repulsion has been identified within the accepted scientific reasoning. Here, we show that the gravitational repulsion force, similar to the gravitational attraction among particles has also been in existence in nature but, yet to be recognized. The results of experiments are shown in detail and are discussed in the recent series of-publications. It is also shown here that this gravitational repulsion force is proportional to the temperature which is an indicator of thermal energy of the particle, similar to the gravitational attraction that is proportional to the mass of the particle. The situations where heavy particles such as iodine, tungsten, and thorium in vacuum move against gravitational force have already been shown qualitatively. The increase in time-of-fall of water droplets (slowing down of fall) with rise in temperature is also quantitatively discussed. This article discusses two major phenomena observable in nature, clouds and the expansion of universe, which could be more preciously explained by the concept of antigravity.

C. K. Gamini Piyadasa

Antigravity, an Answer to Nature&#x2019;s Phenomena including the Expansion of the Universe

In the standard model, the permutation symmetry among the three generations of fundamental fermions is usually regarded to be broken by the Higgs couplings. It is found that the symmetry is restored if we include the mass matrix parameters as physical variables which transform appropriately under the symmetry operation. Known relations between these variables, such as the renormalization group equations, as well as formulas for neutrino oscillations (in vacuum and in matter), are shown to be covariant tensor equations under the permutation symmetry group.

T. K. Kuo

S. H. Chiu

Flavor Mixing and the Permutation Symmetry among Generations

We discussed that for some particular nonsupersymmetric theories, a generalized symmetry that includes both the scale and axial transformations and leads to a single current may contain also a pseudoscalar term. The method, inspired by the superconformal anomalies, has important application for low-energy effective models where it allows the introduction of a single complex glueball field with a scalar and a pseudoscalar component on the same footing with the complex meson nonet fields made of quarks. Both axial and trace anomalies are satisfied in accordance to the meson structure and the QCD requirements.

Renata Jora

Trace and Axial Anomalies on Equal Footing

In this paper, we analytically study the holographic superconductor models with the high derivative (HD) coupling terms. Using the Sturm-Liouville (S-L) eigenvalue method, we perturbatively calculate the critical temperature. The analytical results are in good agreement with the numerical results. It confirms that the perturbative method in terms of the HD coupling parameters is available. Along the same line, we analytically calculate the value of the condensation near the critical temperature. We find that the phase transition is second order with mean field behavior, which is independent of the HD coupling parameters. Then, in the low-temperature limit, we also calculate the conductivity, which is qualitatively consistent with the numerical one. We find that the superconducting energy gap is proportional to the value of the condensation. But we note that since the condensation changes with the HD coupling parameters, as the function of the HD coupling parameters, the superconducting energy gap follows the same change trend as that of the condensation.

Chunyan Wang

Dan Zhang

Guoyang Fu

Jian-Pin Wu

Analytical Study of the Holographic Superconductor from Higher Derivative Theory

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<p><em>Advances in High Energy Physics</em> publishes the results of theoretical and experimental research on the nature of, and interaction between, energy and matter.</p>


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<p>Chief Editor, Professor Seidel, is a professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of New Mexico. She is a collaborator on the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider, researching high-energy collider physics.</p>


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Advances in High Energy Physics publishes the results of theoretical and experimental research on the nature of, and interaction between, energy and matter.

Advances in High Energy Physics