Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research

Research Article

Controlled Aeration Driven by Oxidation-Reduction Potential Affects Ester Profile in Wine Alcohol Fermentation with Different Starter Cultures

Table 2

Concentrations of esters and their precursors in final wines with different aeration strategies and starter cultures (μg/L).

Pf/Sc

Hu/Sc

Aeration I

Aeration II

Aeration III

Aeration I

Aeration II

Aeration III

Aeration I

Aeration II

Aeration III

Aeration I

Aeration II

Aeration III

Aeration I

Aeration II

Aeration III

Ethyl acetate

44584 ± 3151^b

38755 ± 2455^b

25989 ± 3388^a

6818 ± 433^a

8158 ± 656^ab

8664 ± 583 ^b

80753 ± 3240^cd

87841 ± 2223^ef

93120 ± 2974^f

46372 ± 2192^b

36068 ± 3108^a

31331 ± 1985^a

85463 ± 2020^de

74500 ± 2559^c

77291 ± 1997 ^c

Higher alcohol acetates

Isobutyl acetate

125 ± 18^b

116 ± 7^b

86 ± 7^a

23 ± 5^a

29 ± 1^ab

38 ± 2 ^b

49 ± 17^a

42 ± 3^a

48 ± 3^a

187 ± 6^b

175 ± 14^b

140 ± 5^a

231 ± 26^b

122 ± 24^a

122 ± 9 ^a

Isoamyl acetate

3296 ± 156^b

2761 ± 108^b

1537 ± 225^a

53 ± 4^a

106 ± 13^b

82 ± 4 ^b

116 ± 9^a

134 ± 9^a

170 ± 6^a

3576 ± 177^c

2966 ± 231^b

2210 ± 116^a

3622 ± 84^c

2899 ± 169^b

1864 ± 218^a

Phenethyl acetate

174 ± 13^a

166 ± 6^a

145 ± 8^a

15 ± 2^a

14 ± 1^a

51 ± 3^b

48 ± 2^b

55 ± 5^b

248 ± 11^a

223 ± 4^a

226 ± 37^a

215 ± 27^a

200 ± 11^a

188 ± 10^a

3576 ± 176^b

3051 ± 132^b

1768 ± 240^a

91 ± 11^a

150 ± 14^b

133 ± 7^b

216 ± 29^a

224 ± 14^a

273 ± 14^a

4011 ± 194^b

3364 ± 249^b

2576 ± 158^a

4069 ± 137^c

3221 ± 204^b

2174 ± 237^a

MCFA ethyl esters

Ethyl hexanoate

834 ± 60^b

786 ± 27^b

575 ± 51^a

20 ± 4^a

24 ± 1^a

20 ± 1^a

5 ± 0^a

4 ± 2^a

3 ± 1^a

1124 ± 72^b

823 ± 32^a

730 ± 26^a

716 ± 42^a

716 ± 40^a

672 ± 37^a

Ethyl octanoate

664 ± 22^b

723 ± 31^b

489 ± 50^a

23 ± 2^a

31 ± 2^a

28 ± 3^a

6 ± 0^a

6 ± 3^a

5 ± 2^a

817 ± 46^b

728 ± 36^ab

598 ± 44^a

558 ± 35^a

689 ± 29^b

608 ± 18^ab

Ethyl decanoate

259 ± 7^b

278 ± 23^b

202 ± 30^a

3 ± 1^a

6 ± 1^b

4 ± 1^a

3 ± 0^a

4 ± 1^a

306 ± 18^b

310 ± 12^b

235 ± 9^a

225 ± 11 ^a

259 ± 10^b

218 ± 7^a

1757 ± 89^b

1786 ± 81^b

1266 ± 131^a

46 ± 7^a

58 ± 4^a

55 ± 5^a

16 ± 1^a

13 ± 5^a

13 ± 4^a

2248 ± 116^c

1861 ± 80^b

1563 ± 79^a

1498 ± 88^a

1665 ± 79^a

1498 ± 62^a

Higher alcohols

Isobutyl alcohol

41711 ± 1391^a

42135 ± 151^a

44766 ± 598^b

40250 ± 4534 ^a

41926 ± 421 ^a

50868 ± 5590^b

29872 ± 3257^a

31447 ± 797^a

33498 ± 3890^a

40678 ± 749^a

43357 ± 3192^ab

47003 ± 1836^b

69622 ± 1622^b

47799 ± 41^a

48964 ± 961^a

Isoamyl alcohol

119141 ± 1820^a

132943 ± 2513^b

128812 ± 3474^b

92365 ± 4003 ^a

92670 ± 1347^a

99704 ± 3312^b

79490 ± 4973^a

92882 ± 5424^b

87953 ± 4172^ab

113435 ± 4447^a

127177 ± 3014^b

119144 ± 4544^a

139286 ± 507^ab

142333 ± 1424^b

133360 ± 198^a

Phenylethyl alcohol

18071 ± 996^a

26557 ± 1164^b

35875 ± 1361^c

23119 ± 1885^a

22520 ± 610^a

27288 ± 1779^b

33239 ± 1074^b

34140 ± 1344^b

26491 ± 2681^a

23139 ± 2106^a

31517 ± 411^b

38667 ± 591^c

28318 ± 81^a

31766 ± 470 ^b

41734 ± 73^c

178923 ± 4207^a

201635 ± 3526^b

209454 ± 5434^b

155733 ± 10402^a

157117 ± 6174^a

177859 ± 10681^b

142601 ± 9304^a

158469 ± 7565^b

147942 ± 10742^ab

177252 ± 7302^a

202051 ± 233^b

204814 ± 6971^b

237226 ± 2209^b

221898 ± 996^a

224058 ± 1087 ^a

MCFAs

Hexanoic acid

4570 ± 6^a

4877 ± 238^a

4387 ± 89^a

647 ± 70^a

644 ± 56^a

727 ± 16^b

441 ± 33 ^a

453 ± 38^a

450 ± 17^a

6626 ± 419^b

5500 ± 225^a

5534 ± 242^a

4421 ± 131^a

5093 ± 266^b

5211 ± 96^b

Octanoic acid

2674 ± 129^ab

2846 ± 145^b

2408 ± 101^a

667 ± 57^ab

633 ± 45^a

691 ± 18^b

359 ± 9^a

416 ± 32^b

368 ± 25^a

3877 ± 236^c

3074 ± 13^b

2734 ± 54^a

2459 ± 13^a

2822 ± 131^b

2672 ± 69^b

Decanoic acid

1235 ± 134^a

1561 ± 196^b

1436 ± 181^ab

159 ± 23^b

132 ± 3^a

141 ± 4^ab

140 ± 4^a

135 ± 12^a

136 ± 6^a

1981 ± 177^c

1503 ± 67^b

1309 ± 64^a

1335 ± 220^a

1262 ± 330^a

1173 ± 80^a

8479 ± 257^a

9283 ± 102^b

8231 ± 370^a

1473 ± 150^a

1409 ± 104^a

1559 ± 38^b

940 ± 45^a

1004 ± 82^a

954 ± 48^a

12484 ± 832^c

10077 ± 171^b

9576 ± 231^a

8215 ± 365^a

9176 ± 195^b

9056 ± 245^b

ΣMCFAEEs/ΣTEs %

3.53 ± 0.20^a

4.10 ± 0.04^b

4.36 ± 0.02^b

0.66 ± 0.06^a

0.69 ± 0.04^a

0.62 ± 0.04^a

0.01 ± 0.00^a

4.27 ± 0.18^a

4.51 ± 0.00^a

4.41 ± 0.09^a

1.65 ± 0.03^a

2.10 ± 0.08^c

1.85 ± 0.05^b

ΣHAAs/ΣTEs %

7.18 ± 0.36^b

7.00 ± 0.13^b

6.09 ± 0.02^a

1.31 ± 0.06^a

1.79 ± 0.14^b

1.50 ± 0.08^ab

0.13 ± 0.01^a

0.13 ± 0.00^a

0.15 ± 0.00^a

7.62 ± 0.08b

8.14 ± 0.05^c

7.26 ± 0.13^a

4.47 ± 0.11^a

4.06 ± 0.20^a

2.69 ± 0.03^b

EA/ΣTEs %

89.30 ± 0.56^a

88.90 ± 0.16^a

89.55 ± 0.00^a

98.03 ± 0.00^b

97.52 ± 0.18^a

97.88 ± 0.04^b

99.86 ± 0.02^a

99.86 ± 0.00^a

99.85 ± 0.00^a

88.11 ± 0.26^b

87.35 ± 0.04^a

88.33 ± 0.19^b

93.88 ± 0.14^a

93.85 ± 0.28^a

95.46 ± 0.22^b

Sc, Pf, Hu, Pf/Sc, and Hu/Sc: fermentation with single S. cerevisiae F5, single Pichia fermentans Z9Y-3, single H. uvarum Yun268, Pichia fermentans Z9Y-3 and S. cerevisiae F5, and H. uvarum Yun268 and S. cerevisiae F5, respectively. Data are mean values ± standard deviation. Mean values displaying different rows within each column are significantly different according to the Duncan test at the 95% confidence level.