Research Article

Impact of Smoke from Wheat, Oat, and Clover Stubble Burning on Cabernet Sauvignon Grapes and Wine

Table 1

Concentration of volatile phenols in control and smoke-affected grapes (µg/kg) and wine (µg/L).

Guaiacol4-Methylguaiacolo-Cresolm-Cresolp-CresolSyringol4-Methylsyringol

GrapesControln.dn.dn.dn.dn.dn.dn.d
Wheat A3.7 ± 0.58 a1.0 ± 0.012.0 ± 0.012.0 ± 0.01n.d11.7 ± 0.6 a3.0 ± 0.01
Wheat Bn.dn.dn.dn.dn.dn.dn.d
Oats A3.0 ± 0.01 bn.d1.0 ± 0.011.7 ± 0.58n.d10.0 ± 1.0 bn.d
Oats Bn.dn.dn.dn.dn.dn.dn.d
Clover An.dn.dn.dn.dn.dn.dn.d
Clover Bn.dn.dn.dn.dn.dn.dn.d
<0.001n.an.sn.sn.a<0.001n.a

WineControl1.0 ± 0.01 dn.dn.dn.dn.d6.3 ± 0.58 cn.d
Wheat A3.0 ± 0.01 bn.d2.0 ± 0.011.3 ± 0.58n.d12.3 ± 0.6 b3.0 ± 0.6
Wheat B1.0 ± 0.01 dn.dn.dn.dn.d6.0 ± 0.01 cn.d
Oats A3.7 ± 0.58 an.d2.0 ± 0.011.7 ± 0.58n.d18.0 ± 1.7 a2.7 ± 0.6
Oats B1.3 ± 0.58 dn.dn.dn.dn.d6.7 ± 1.15 cn.d
Clover A1.0 ± 0.01 dn.dn.dn.dn.d7.7 ± 0.58 cn.d
Clover B1.7 ± 0.58 cn.dn.dn.dn.d7.3 ± 0.58 cn.d
<0.001n.an.sn.sn.a<0.001n.s

Values are means of three replicates (n = 3) ± standard deviation; n.d, not detected. Different letters (within columns) indicate statistical significance ( = 0.05); n.a., not applicable; n.s., not significant. Smoke exposure occurred during prescribed burning of wheat, oat, and clover stubble; A and B denote the relative position of excised bunches of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes during each stubble burn.