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| Scholars | Research objective | Research conclusion | Color combination recommendation |
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| Shieh and Lin [23] | This study investigated the effects of screen type, ambient illumination, and target/background color combination on visual identification performance and subjective preference for visual display terminal screen characteristics | The color combination significantly affected visual performance | Blue letters on a yellow background resulted in the best performance and purple-on-red resulted in the worst |
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| Shieh and Ko [24] | This study explored the effects of display characteristics, such as target/background color combination, single/simultaneous presentation, and individual differences by sex, and design specialty on preferences of VDT (visual display terminal) icon design | The black targets (black-on-white, black-on-yellow) and black backgrounds (red-on-black, yellow-on-black) were the most popular, and white targets (white-on-red, white-on-black) and white backgrounds (blue-on-white, red-on-white) were the second most popular | The yellow-on-blue was the most favored |
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| Huang and Chiu [5] | This study investigated the effects of color combinations for the figure/icon background, icon shape, and line width of the icon border on visual search performance on a liquid crystal display screen | The color combination significantly affected the visual search performance | White/yellow, white/blue, black/red, and black/yellow color combinations for the figure/icon background had shorter correct response times compared to yellow/blue, red/green, yellow/green, and blue/red |
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| Huang et al. [25] | This study investigated the effects of color combinations of an icon’s symbol/background and components of flicker and flicker rate on visual search performance on a liquid crystal display screen | The icon’s symbol/background color significantly affected search time | The search times for icons with black/red and white/blue were significantly shorter than for white/yellow, black/yellow, and black/blue |
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| Yeh et al. [26] | This study explored the effect of target/background color combination and exposure time on the legibility of and EEG response to icons presented on a visual display terminal | Peak latency of P100 at visual-cortex area (O1, O2, OZ) showed significantly faster response time with high preference color combinations than with low preference | The color combinations with high preference (white-on-blue, blue-on-white) had better legibility than those with low preference (purple-on-red, red-on-purple) |
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| Shi et al. [27] | This study explored the effects of ambient illumination, color combination, sign height, and observation angle on wayfinding signs’ legibility in metro stations | Achromatic color combination was more legible than chromatic color combination, but not significantly | Achromatic-white target on black background |
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| Shen et al. [28] | This study investigated the effects of the color combination, luminance contrast, and icon area ratio in the visual search of graphic symbols | The participants responded more quickly to medium luminance contrast than to low or high luminance contrast | White-on-black, yellow-on-black, turquoise-on-black, white-on-red, yellow-on-red, and white-on-purple resulted in better performance than other color combinations |
| Icon color combinations also significantly affected visual search performance |
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| Ming et al. [29] | This study explored and identified the effects of luminance contrast and color combinations on icon cognitive performance | Both luminance contrast and color combination can significantly affect cognitive performance | Yellow-on-black, yellow-on-blue, and white-on-blue significantly improved the search speed, while green-on-red, yellow-on-purple, green-on-blue, and turquoise-on-blue significantly slowed down the search speed |
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