Associated Biochemical and Hematological Markers in COVID-19 Severity Prediction

Table 1

Sociodemographic and other laboratory investigations with the prognosis of COVID-19.

Parameters	Mild (N = 101)	Moderate/severe (N = 90)	value
Demographic characteristics
Gender
Male	61 (60.4%)	53 (58.9%)
Female	40 (39.6%)	37 (41.1%)
Age (years)	50.08 ± 17.10	60.31 ± 17.35	0.001
Comorbidities
CKD	18 (17.8%)	40 (44.4%)	0.001
HTN	11 (10.9%)	20 (22.2%)	0.034
DM	32 (31.7%)	41 (45.6%)	0.049
COPD	2 (2.0%)	20 (22.2%)	0.001
Anemia	17 (16.8%)	29 (32.2%)
Pneumonia	2 (2.0%)	11 (12.2%)	0.005
Hematological parameters
Hb (gm/dl)	12.7 ± 2.7	11.5 ± 2.5	0.001
Total WBC count (cells/cumm)	6418.8 ± 2586.9	9177.8 ± 4829.9	0.001
Neutrophil count (%)	70.7 ± 12.5	82.5 ± 9.7	0.001
Lymphocyte count (%)	24.6 ± 11.6	13.9 ± 8.4	0.001
Monocyte count (%)	3.5 ± 2.2	3.5 ± 10.4	0.965
Eosinophil count (%)	1.3 ± 1.2	1.3 ± 4.3	0.959
Platelets count (cells/cumm)	216603 ± 83486	217577 ± 82925	0.936
PCV (%)	38.1 ± 7.9	31.9 ± 7.5	0.14
RBC count (cells/cumm)	4.3 ± 0.9	3.96 ± 0.9	0.001
NLR	3.3 (1.9–5)	6.9 (4.4–11.4)	0.001
LMR	7.3 (5–11)	5.7 (3.1–9.5)	0.017
PLR	8750 (6242–12398)	18437 (10269–28380)	0.001
LCR	0.6 (0.2–2.5)	0.1 (0.056–0.25)	0.001
Biochemical parameters
Urea (mg/dl)	26 (20–39)	49 (28–99.2)	0.001
Creatinine (mg/dl)	1.0 (0.85–1.3)	1.3 (1–4.3)	0.001
Sodium (mEq/L)	136 ± 4.6	135.7 ± 6.4	0.631
Potassium (mEq/L)	3.9 ± 0.5	4.1 ± 0.7	0.03
ALT (U/L)	30 (20.5–45)	50 (27.7–77)	0.001
AST (U/L)	32 (24–50)	47.5 (32–70.5)	0.001
ALP (U/L)	84.9 ± 39.9	90.2 ± 33.3	0.325
Total bilirubin (mg/dl)	0.6 (0.4–0.8)	0.6 (0.4–0.8)	0.454
Direct bilirubin (mg/dl)	0.2 (0.2–0.3)	0.2 (0.2–0.3)	0.247
Ferritin (ng/ml)	409 (268.3–623.5)	945 (474.8–1530)	0.001
LDH (U/L)	500 (384–662.5)	870 (533.5–1200.2)	0.001
CRP (mg/dl)	39 (13–84.4)	136.5 (93.7–188.5)	0.001
D-dimer (ng/ml)	0.45 (0.2–0.8)	1.95 (1.0–5.7)	0.001

CKD: chronic kidney disease; HTN: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Hb: hemoglobin; PCV: packed cell volume; ALT: alanine transferase; AST: aspartate transferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; CRP: C-reactive protein; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; LMR: lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; PLR: platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; LCR: lymphocyte-to-CRP ratio. value indicates the level of significance.