Estimation of Daily Sunshine Duration from Terra and Aqua MODIS Data

Table 2

Comparison of satellite estimates with the measured monthly mean daily sum sunshine duration for nine calibrations (bold) and 16 randomly selected testing stations (all units are in hours per day).

	Linear	Quadratic	Measured	MBE (linear)	MBE (quadratic)	RMSE (linear)	RMSE (quadratic)
January
Istanbul	1.7928	1.9577	1.3935	0.3993	0.5642	1.5324	1.3024
Ankara	2.1441	2.0044	1.7065	0.4376	0.2979	1.4067	1.1505
Konya	2.1946	1.8313	1.8806	0.3140	−0.0493	2.3237	2.2908
İzmir	3.0198	3.0043	3.2452	−0.2254	−0.2409	1.7792	1.7315
Antalya	2.7916	3.0197	3.6000	−0.8084	−0.5803	1.7828	1.4550
Samsun	2.5915	2.9457	3.1871	−0.5956	−0.2414	1.6356	1.6121
S.Urfa	2.1343	2.4201	2.0548	0.0795	0.3653	1.7327	1.4579
Erzincan	2.3653	2.3253	2.4167	−0.0514	−0.0914	1.2834	1.2558
Muş	1.7532	1.3933	0.4931	1.2601	0.9002	1.8716	1.5403
Kocaeli	1.8387	1.9538	1.4548	0.3839	0.4990	1.8006	1.5632
Bursa	2.0368	1.8720	1.6613	0.3755	0.2107	1.6200	1.3810
Balikesir	2.4440	2.2319	1.8258	0.6182	0.4061	2.0704	2.0228
Eskişehir	1.3756	1.4650	1.8032	−0.4276	−0.3382	2.2029	2.0016
Afyon	1.8311	1.8313	1.8555	−0.0244	−0.0242	1.8915	1.8403
Denizli	2.9402	2.9391	2.4032	0.5370	0.5359	2.3196	2.2167
Niğde	2.8770	2.7441	2.9750	−0.0980	−0.2309	1.8254	1.7893
Sivas	2.1674	2.0803	2.0355	0.1319	0.0448	1.4855	1.3433
Malatya	1.4650	1.6239	1.6355	−0.1705	−0.0116	1.6790	1.1835
Gaziantep	1.8041	1.9854	1.8867	−0.0826	0.0987	1.3239	0.9408
K.Maras	1.5045	1.9258	1.2871	0.2174	0.6387	1.6900	1.2947
Diyarbakir	2.1520	2.2601	2.2793	−0.1273	−0.0192	2.3862	2.3819
Van	3.1600	3.0122	4.7148	−1.5548	−1.7026	1.9633	2.0902
Hakkari	2.5198	2.2500	2.3516	0.1682	−0.1016	2.0855	2.0649
Trabzon	3.0489	3.3608	3.0133	0.0356	0.3475	1.5150	1.3695
Rize	3.2841	3.5981	2.4581	0.8260	1.1400	1.5896	1.7696
February
Istanbul	4.0940	3.8168	3.5250	0.5690	0.2918	1.6459	1.3671
Ankara	4.5117	4.4442	4.3179	0.1938	0.1263	1.7029	1.6239
Konya	5.0346	4.7913	4.8250	0.2096	−0.0337	2.2234	2.0203
İzmir	5.3007	5.3028	5.3034	−0.0027	−0.0006	1.7670	1.2680
Antalya	5.1613	5.3444	5.9851	−0.8238	−0.6407	1.8256	1.4690
Samsun	4.0724	3.8652	3.1607	0.9117	0.7045	2.0856	1.8941
S.Urfa	3.2544	3.2245	3.2621	−0.0077	−0.0376	1.6028	1.5464
Erzincan	3.0483	2.7781	2.4807	0.5676	0.2974	1.9302	1.7362
Muş	2.4452	2.0051	1.8601	0.5851	0.1450	2.2032	2.1093
Kocaeli	3.8753	3.5421	2.9964	0.8789	0.5457	2.1205	2.0902
Bursa	3.4372	3.0495	3.5000	−0.0628	−0.4505	2.7164	2.6584
Balikesir	3.7980	3.5921	3.7185	0.0795	−0.1264	1.8622	1.8080
Eskişehir	3.8054	3.3375	1.9396	1.8658	1.3979	2.5252	2.8331
Afyon	4.6686	4.5208	3.8500	0.8186	0.6708	2.1380	1.9314
Denizli	3.5368	3.9574	4.3000	−0.7632	−0.3426	1.5375	1.3944
Niğde	4.3091	4.1889	3.8607	0.4484	0.3282	1.9616	1.8392
Sivas	3.9775	3.6334	3.1111	0.8664	0.5223	1.9920	1.8818
Malatya	3.2444	2.8883	2.6250	0.6194	0.2633	2.0302	1.5322
Gaziantep	2.7212	2.7217	2.7929	−0.0717	−0.0712	1.6176	1.4282
K.Maras	4.1772	3.8177	2.3571	1.8201	1.4606	2.4602	2.0244
Diyarbakir	3.7779	3.5816	2.9370	0.8409	0.6446	2.3608	2.2903
Van	4.2746	3.9925	4.5560	−0.2814	−0.5635	1.6319	1.5651
Hakkari	3.5113	3.1845	4.1846	−0.6733	−1.0001	2.0490	2.3756
Trabzon	3.2536	2.9904	2.2714	0.9822	0.7190	1.7111	1.1320
Rize	3.6210	3.1900	2.2107	1.4103	0.9793	2.0427	1.6651
March
Istanbul	6.7322	6.8391	5.9419	0.7903	0.8972	2.2281	2.1541
Ankara	5.8987	5.9367	6.4613	−0.5626	−0.5246	1.4852	1.4633
Konya	6.5665	6.5924	7.0167	−0.4502	−0.4243	1.9564	1.9143
İzmir	6.9961	6.8832	7.5586	−0.5625	−0.6754	1.6497	1.6261
Antalya	6.9993	7.1057	7.6193	−0.6200	−0.5136	1.9247	1.8457
Samsun	4.8761	4.8877	4.0839	0.7922	0.8038	1.7669	1.4618
S.Urfa	6.8667	6.8559	6.8677	−0.0010	−0.0118	1.8766	1.7569
Erzincan	5.6839	5.5089	5.2967	0.3872	0.2122	1.9740	1.9065
Muş	5.4660	5.4748	5.6226	−0.1566	−0.1478	2.0922	1.8824
Kocaeli	5.9859	5.9283	5.1000	0.8859	0.8283	2.6552	2.6106
Bursa	6.6200	6.6498	5.1839	1.4361	1.4659	2.2076	2.1408
Balikesir	6.6250	6.4974	5.7806	0.8444	0.7168	1.7574	1.6446
Eskişehir	6.4546	6.5332	6.4733	−0.0187	0.0599	1.9970	1.8930
Afyon	6.6951	6.7657	5.8225	0.8726	0.9432	1.8023	1.6520
Denizli	6.5801	6.9242	7.1103	−0.5302	−0.1861	1.5558	1.2917
Niğde	6.1783	6.0574	6.4161	−0.2378	−0.3587	1.8657	1.6204
Sivas	5.5961	5.4714	5.6276	−0.0315	−0.1562	1.5140	1.2549
Malatya	7.0045	7.0458	7.1420	−0.1375	−0.0962	1.6701	1.4141
Gaziantep	7.0171	7.0236	6.3065	0.7106	0.7171	1.6365	1.5009
K.Maras	7.3102	7.3789	6.8172	0.4930	0.5617	1.3902	1.3476
Diyarbakir	6.8572	6.9339	6.8069	0.0503	0.1270	1.5596	1.5750
Van	6.9557	6.8747	7.4129	−0.4572	−0.5382	1.7989	1.6299
Hakkari	6.5429	6.6293	7.3225	−0.7796	−0.6932	1.6021	1.4218
Trabzon	4.8752	4.9215	3.9355	0.9397	0.9860	2.1022	1.8566
Rize	5.4567	5.6812	3.5655	1.8912	2.1157	2.1822	1.9045
April
Istanbul	6.9482	7.0329	5.8000	1.1482	1.2329	2.5907	2.3939
Ankara	6.6835	6.7739	7.0700	−0.3865	−0.2961	1.6366	1.5213
Konya	7.6229	7.4703	7.6600	−0.0371	−0.1897	2.2064	2.0517
İzmir	7.5452	7.4219	7.1100	0.4352	0.3119	2.4532	2.2244
Antalya	8.1610	8.2247	8.2900	−0.1290	−0.0653	1.6104	1.5784
Samsun	6.7009	6.7323	6.4733	0.2276	0.2590	2.1562	2.1140
S.Urfa	7.9494	7.8532	7.9967	−0.0473	−0.1435	1.7244	1.6873
Erzincan	7.2490	6.9552	6.7800	0.4690	0.1752	1.6408	1.6476
Muş	6.7796	7.0072	7.9333	−1.1537	−0.9261	1.9053	1.8079
Kocaeli	6.8726	6.8999	5.8000	1.0726	1.0999	2.5616	2.4413
Bursa	7.2095	7.0325	5.8586	1.3509	1.1739	2.8044	1.9153
Balikesir	6.7299	6.6719	5.8200	0.9099	0.8519	2.9419	2.7986
Eskişehir	7.4455	7.2296	6.8276	0.6179	0.4020	1.9908	1.6979
Afyon	7.0270	7.0475	6.0888	0.9382	0.9587	2.2017	1.9771
Denizli	6.6130	6.6534	6.6800	−0.0670	−0.0266	2.4919	2.2947
Niğde	6.9644	6.8397	7.9897	−1.0253	−1.1500	2.1735	2.3899
Sivas	6.7828	6.7879	8.1414	−1.3586	−1.3535	2.3130	2.0624
Malatya	7.7719	7.8371	8.4000	−0.6281	−0.5629	2.2272	2.2196
Gaziantep	7.3816	7.2651	7.3000	0.0816	−0.0349	1.6979	2.0035
K.Maras	7.1555	7.0497	7.4367	−0.2812	−0.3870	1.9061	1.7924
Diyarbakir	7.1298	6.9476	6.4786	0.6512	0.4690	2.0347	1.7418
Van	7.0534	6.9587	8.1793	−1.1259	−1.2206	2.0717	1.9336
Hakkari	6.7590	6.6472	6.9345	−0.1755	−0.2873	2.4290	2.2053
Trabzon	5.6838	5.8542	5.2833	0.4005	0.5709	1.3718	1.4159
Rize	6.0230	6.5265	5.6000	0.4230	0.9265	1.7001	1.5743
May
Istanbul	9.4936	9.4817	8.9828	0.5108	0.4989	1.7420	1.7376
Ankara	8.5037	8.6061	9.1429	−0.6392	−0.5368	2.0170	2.0194
Konya	8.9324	8.9159	9.3700	−0.4376	−0.4541	1.9635	1.9774
İzmir	9.3646	9.3490	9.6276	−0.2630	−0.2786	1.1739	1.1759
Antalya	10.0414	10.0343	11.0931	−1.0517	−1.0588	1.9419	1.9453
Samsun	7.7030	7.6705	5.7267	1.9763	1.9438	3.0719	3.0575
S.Urfa	9.4058	9.3917	10.1933	−0.7875	−0.8016	1.7308	1.7437
Erzincan	8.7553	8.7414	7.0929	1.6624	1.6485	2.1078	2.0998
Muş	8.2651	8.2405	8.6179	−0.3528	−0.3774	1.9574	1.9663
Kocaeli	8.0218	7.9916	7.1700	0.8518	0.8216	2.3537	2.3618
Bursa	8.3878	8.3615	8.8300	−0.4422	−0.4685	2.0694	2.0778
Balikesir	9.6007	9.4997	9.2200	0.3807	0.2797	2.3755	2.3672
Eskişehir	9.5605	9.5484	8.9172	0.6433	0.6312	2.5140	2.5176
Afyon	9.1356	9.1191	8.4407	0.6949	0.6784	1.9207	1.9115
Denizli	9.8980	9.9280	10.1586	−0.2606	−0.2306	1.6053	1.6178
Niğde	9.1536	9.1390	9.1500	0.0036	−0.0110	2.2451	2.2400
Sivas	8.7601	8.7401	8.1323	0.6278	0.6078	2.6354	2.6338
Malatya	8.7190	8.6985	9.2964	−0.5774	−0.5979	2.3435	2.3584
Gaziantep	9.4288	9.4276	7.9667	1.4621	1.4609	2.1911	2.1906
K.Maras	9.6964	9.6857	8.7067	0.9897	0.9790	1.4969	1.4951
Diyarbakir	9.1645	9.1480	7.9600	1.2045	1.1880	2.6317	2.6338
Van	8.4553	8.4302	8.7207	−0.2654	−0.2905	2.0592	2.0790
Hakkari	8.3256	8.3022	8.6733	−0.3477	−0.3711	2.1357	2.1427
Trabzon	7.2095	7.1711	4.9276	2.2819	2.2435	2.7924	2.7685
Rize	7.2468	7.2062	5.0593	2.1875	2.1469	2.8585	2.8461
June
Istanbul	9.8309	9.8057	9.2800	0.5509	0.5257	1.7893	1.9087
Ankara	10.1674	10.2407	10.3379	−0.1705	−0.0972	1.7111	1.6759
Konya	10.2435	10.3271	9.8551	0.3884	0.4720	1.5196	1.5437
İzmir	10.5845	10.5974	11.1300	−0.5455	−0.5326	1.3678	1.4185
Antalya	9.0468	9.2680	12.1000	−3.0532	−2.8320	3.3680	3.1692
Samsun	9.9456	9.9460	8.2483	1.6973	1.6977	2.2473	2.3002
S.Urfa	10.1520	10.3440	12.5500	−2.3980	−2.2060	2.3543	2.1503
Erzincan	11.3069	11.2671	9.0892	2.2177	2.1779	2.4117	2.4020
Muş	10.2631	10.3630	12.1036	−1.8405	−1.7406	2.2209	2.1225
Kocaeli	10.1298	10.1446	9.0038	1.1260	1.1408	1.7102	1.7169
Bursa	10.5175	10.4265	9.6533	0.8642	0.7732	2.2143	2.2663
Balikesir	10.9929	10.9862	11.1000	−0.1071	−0.1138	2.0205	1.9943
Eskişehir	10.2745	10.2521	9.9651	0.3094	0.2870	1.7138	1.7733
Afyon	9.8033	9.7458	9.6555	0.1478	0.0903	2.1544	2.1869
Denizli	10.8819	10.8333	11.1103	−0.2284	−0.2770	1.1217	1.1125
Niğde	11.1541	11.1511	11.7000	−0.5459	−0.5489	2.0301	2.0475
Sivas	10.3470	10.4055	10.7724	−0.4254	−0.3669	2.1362	2.1982
Malatya	10.7174	10.7711	12.2893	−1.5719	−1.5182	1.2182	1.8191
Gaziantep	10.6259	10.6899	9.8414	0.7845	0.8485	1.3246	1.3215
K.Maras	9.4012	9.5667	10.6276	−1.2264	−1.0609	2.3227	2.2903
Diyarbakir	9.3298	9.5493	12.0893	−2.7595	−2.5400	2.9829	2.7528
Van	11.5642	11.5205	12.7138	−1.1496	−1.1933	1.2953	1.3488
Hakkari	9.5499	9.7931	12.9407	−3.3908	−3.1476	3.3909	3.1609
Trabzon	9.4492	9.3451	7.8591	1.5901	1.4860	2.5750	2.5661
Rize	9.2694	9.0417	7.2391	2.0303	1.8026	2.3278	2.1988