Experimental Study on Formation Characteristics and Laws of Dislocation and Stacking Fault during Cutting of Titanium Alloy

<table class="table-group" width="800px"><tr class="fig-image" id="a"><td><img alt="306728.fig.006a" src="https://static-preview.hindawi.com/articles/amse/volume-2013/306728/figures/306728.fig.006a.jpg"/></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td align="center"><table><tr><td><b>(a) </b>Double-beam approximate bright contrast image in <svg height="17.9375" id="M61" style="vertical-align:-2.22495pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 44.487499 17.9375" width="44.487499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,15.1)"><path d="M290 -163h-170v866h170v-28q-79 -7 -94 -19.5t-15 -72.5v-627q0 -59 14.5 -71.5t94.5 -19.5v-28z" id="x5B"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,90,90)">
<path d="m -67.26,70.93 6.53,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.68000001;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,5.925,15.1)"><path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,14.084,15.1)"><path d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" id="x32"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,90,90)">
<path d="m -54.2,70.93 6.52,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.68000001;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,22.25,15.1)"><path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.409,15.1)"><path d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5
q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" id="x33"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,38.569,15.1)"><path d="M226 -163h-170v27q79 7 94 20t15 73v627q0 59 -15 72t-94 20v27h170v-866z" id="x5D"></path></g>
</svg> crystal zone axis direction</td></tr></table></td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="b"><td><img alt="306728.fig.006b" src="https://static-preview.hindawi.com/articles/amse/volume-2013/306728/figures/306728.fig.006b.jpg"/></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td align="center"><table><tr><td><b>(b) </b>Double-beam approximate bright contrast image in <svg height="17.9375" id="M62" style="vertical-align:-2.22495pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 47.325001 17.9375" width="47.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,15.1)"><path d="M290 -163h-170v866h170v-28q-79 -7 -94 -19.5t-15 -72.5v-627q0 -59 14.5 -71.5t94.5 -19.5v-28z" id="x5B"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,5.927,15.1)"><path d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" id="x32"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,90,90)">
<path d="m -60.73,70.93 6.53,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.68000001;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,14.088,15.1)"><path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,90,90)">
<path d="m -51.94,70.93 6.53,0" style="fill:none;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.68000001;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-opacity:1;stroke-dasharray:none"></path>
</g>
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,25.075,15.1)"><path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,33.234,15.1)"><path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105
q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,41.394,15.1)"><path d="M226 -163h-170v27q79 7 94 20t15 73v627q0 59 -15 72t-94 20v27h170v-866z" id="x5D"></path></g>
</svg> crystal zone axis direction</td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<table>Double-beam approximate bright contrast images of <svg height="7.9499998" id="M60" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.7749996 7.9499998" width="9.7749996" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><path d="M545 106q-67 -118 -134 -118q-24 0 -40 37.5t-30 129.5h-2q-47 -72 -103 -119.5t-108 -47.5q-47 0 -76 45.5t-29 119.5q0 113 85 204t174 91q47 0 70 -33.5t43 -119.5h3q32 47 80 140l55 13l10 -9q-47 -80 -138 -201q17 -99 27.5 -136t22.5 -37q23 0 69 61zM333 204
q-14 98 -31 149.5t-50 51.5q-49 0 -94 -70t-45 -164q0 -55 15.5 -86t40.5 -31q70 0 164 150z" id="x1D6FC"></path></g>
</svg> phase.</table>

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

fig6

Figure 6

Figure 6: Experimental Study on Formation Characteristics and Laws of Dislocation and Stacking Fault during Cutting of Titanium Alloy 