Effects of Crimp and Textile Architecture on the Stiffness and Strength of Composites with 3D Reinforcement

Table 1

Test specimen data, including warp yarn crimps, fibre volume fractions, and mean warp offset angles.

Textile type	Plain 3D woven			Noobed	3D woven with stuffer
Name	S	B	D	BN	BS
Mean warp crimp	1.012	1.025	1.055	1	1.031
	0.43	0.42	0.42	0.44	0.57
(interior RVE)	0.45	0.45	0.42	0.50	0.59
θ (deg)	8.8	12.8	18.6	≈0	—
8 × 8	2	4	3	2	2
6 × 6M	2 (1)	4 (3)	3 (3)	2 (1)	2 (1)
6 × 6	—	4	—	2	—
4 × 4M	—	4 (2)	—	2 (2)	—
4 × 4	—	2	—	—	—

The number of test specimens for each configuration is presented in the lower half of the table, where numbers within brackets indicate the number of specimens that eventually were tested to tensile failure. also contains stuffer yarns with crimp ≈1. Average warp angle with respect to the x direction.