Research Article
A Numerical Study of Railway Ballast Subjected to Direct Shearing Using the Discrete Element Method
Figure 12
The maximum, medium, and average values of particle rotation about the negative y-axis: (a) σn = 15 kPa; (b) σn = 35 kPa; (c) σn = 55 kPa; (d) σn = 75 kPa.
| (a) |
| (b) |
| (c) |
| (d) |