A Numerical Study of Railway Ballast Subjected to Direct Shearing Using the Discrete Element Method

<div>The cylinder lifting test: (a) loaded ballast in the cylinder; (b) ballast pile under gravity; (c) DEM model; (d) measurement cone in PFC3D.</div>

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Figure 3

Figure 3: A Numerical Study of Railway Ballast Subjected to Direct Shearing Using the Discrete Element Method 