A Numerical Study of Railway Ballast Subjected to Direct Shearing Using the Discrete Element Method

Table 1

The parameters of the linear contact model.

Parameters	Value
Particle density (kg/m^3)	2700
Contact normal and shear stiffness, and (N/m)	1.0 × 10^7
Contact normal and shear stiffness of wall-particle and (N/m)	5.2 × 10^6
Wall-particle coefficient of friction	0.3
Particle-particle coefficient of friction	0.7
Damp c	0.2