A Systematic Review on the Performance Characteristics of Sustainable, Unfired Admixed Soil Blocks for Agricultural and Industrial Waste Management

Table 11

Compressive strength of unfired admixed soil blocks as reported in the reviewed articles.

Ref.	Binders/fibers	Binder/fiber content (% range)	Initial/unstabilized strength (MPa)	Max. strength after stabilization (MPa)	Percentage increase (+)/percentage decrease (−)
[8]	Cement	1–1.5	8.34	5.79	−30.58
	Sand	1–2.0
	Coconut fiber	0.4–0.8
[9]	Sugarcane bagasse ash	0–40	8.06	8.89	10.30
[13]	Cement	0–10	0.64	23.5	3571.88
	Lime	0–10	0.64	16.5	2478.13
	Lime + sugarcane bagasse ash	10 + 10	0.64	21.3	3228.13
[15]	Cement	5	0.9	3	233.33
	Limestone waste	3.0–5.0
	Granite waste	60–65
	Sand	27–30
[16]	Cement	12	0.9	2	122.22
	Grit	81
[17]	Cement	9	11.4	14	22.81
	Sand	9.0–77.0
	Kaolin	14
[20]	Cement + Bacillus pasteurii KCTC 3558	-	6.23	6.69	7.38
	Cement + effective microorganisms (EM)	-	6.23	6.84	9.79
[23]	Cement	0–8.0	0.8	2.8	250.00
	Rice husk ash	0–20
[24]	Cement	7	-	7.43	NA
[26]	Construction debris + sand + cement	20–30	8.9	10.61	19.21
[27]	Cement	4.0–10.0	5.42	5.85	7.93
	Sugarcane bagasse ash	4.0–8.0
[28]	9% cement + mineral wool waste	0–4.0	3.23	4.13	27.86
	9% cement + sisal fiber	0.1–0.4	3.23	3.78	17.03
[29]	Cement	5.0–15.0	1.6	16	900.00
	10% cement + bitumen emulsion	2.0–10.0	1.6	10	525.00
	10% cement + calcium silicate	0.5–2.0	1.6	11.55	621.88
	Slaked lime	5.0–15.0	1.6	7	337.50
[32]	Cement	3.0–9.0	0.9	9.1	911.11
[33]	Cement	4.8–6.0	0.9	3.5	288.89
	6% cement + rice husk ash	1.0–5.0	0.9	2.9	222.22
	6% cement + lime	1.0–4.0	0.9	4.1	355.56
[36]	10% cement + limestone residues	30–50	3.2	4.4	37.50
[37]	Cement	5	2.36	4.16	76.27
	Green mussel shell powder	0–10
	Pig hair fibers	0–1.0
[18]	Sugarcane bagasse ash	0–10.0	2.3	3.8	65.22
[10]	Sand	30	11.2	18.6	66.07
	Rice husk ash	5.0–15.0
	Lime	5.0–15.0
[6]	Bagasse fiber (aspect ratio)	(25–125) (1%)	0.83	1.1	32.53
	Coconut fiber (aspect ratio)	(25–125) (1%)	1.07	1.35	26.17
	Oil palm fiber (aspect ratio)	(25–125) (1%)	0.96	1.14	18.75
[21]	Sugarcane bagasse	0.25–1.0	2.1	2.82	34.29
	Coconut husk	0.25–1.0	2.1	2.93	39.52
	Oil palm fruit	0.25–1.0	2.1	2.95	40.48
[35]	Alkali-resistant glass	0.25–1.0	3.5	6.87	96.29
	Polypropylene	0.25–1.0	3.5	9.91	183.14
	Banana	0.25–1.0	3.5	13.59	288.29
	Jute	0.25–1.0	3.5	18.04	415.43
[38]	Fly ash: rice husk ash	100 : 0–0 : 100	6.5513	12.88	96.60
[39]	Cement: Clay oil	1 : 15	3.37	4.06	20.47
	Rice husk ash	0–20
[40]	Lime	10	Not reported	3.12	NA
	Fly ash	10–16