A Systematic Review on the Performance Characteristics of Sustainable, Unfired Admixed Soil Blocks for Agricultural and Industrial Waste Management

Table 13

Durability by wetting/drying cycles of unfired admixed soil blocks as reported in the reviewed articles.

Ref.	Binders/fibers	Binder/fiber content (% range)	No. of cycles (standard used)	Max. strength (MPa) or mass loss (%) before wetting/drying cycles	Max. strength (MPa) or mass loss (%) after wetting/drying cycles
[15]	Cement	5	90 cycles, each cycle of 24 hours (NBR 13554)	3 MPa	2 MPa
	Limestone waste	3.0–5.0
	Granite waste	60–65
	Sand	27–30
[26]	Construction debris + sand + cement	20–30	6 cycles, each cycle of 48 hours (NBR 13554)	0.45%	0.42%
[36]	10% cement + limestone residues	30–50	6 cycles, each cycle of 48 hours (NBR 13554)	7.3%	4.8%
[5]	10% lime + demolition residue	25–75	12 cycles, each cycle of 48 hours (standard not mentioned)	4.25 MPa	6.5 MPa
	Lime	10		3.8 MPa	5.5 MPa
[21]	Sugarcane bagasse	0.25–1.0	12 cycles, each cycle of 24 hours (ASTM D559-03)	11%	8.20%
	Coconut husk	0.25–1.0		11%	7.80%
	Oil palm fruit	0.25–1.0		11%	9.10%
[35]	Alkali-resistant glass	0.25–1.0	12 cycles, each cycle of 24 hours (ASTM D559-03)	18%	10.50%
	Polypropylene	0.25–1.0		18%	6.10%
	Banana	0.25–1.0		18%	5.20%
	Jute	0.25–1.0		18%	1.20%
[40]	Lime + fly ash	10 + 10	3 cycles, each cycle of 48 hours (standard not mentioned)	2.45 MPa	1.8 MPa
		12 + 10		2.5 MPa	1.95 MPa
		14 + 10		3.1 MPa	2.4 MPa
		16 + 10		3 MPa	2.2 MPa