A Coupled Discrete-Finite Element Method for Shear Strength Analysis of Geogrid-Reinforced Railway Ballast

Figure 5

Numerical models of direct shear test without and with geogrid and pull-out test. (a) DEM model of direct shear test of unreinforced ballast. (b) Coupled DEM-FEM model of direct shear test of reinforced ballast. (c) Coupled DEM-FEM model of pull-out test.

(a)

(b)

(c)