Creep Parameter Inversion and Long-Term Stability Analysis of Tunnel Based on GP-DE Intelligent Algorithm

Figure 12

Plastic zone of the tunnel with different support modes. (a) Initial lining. (b) Initial lining + pipe shed. (c) Initial lining + pipe shed + prestressed anchor rod. (d) Initial lining + pipe shed + advanced grouting anchor rod.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)