Estimating the Asphalt Binder Film Thickness Using Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy

Table 8

Microscopically measured film thicknesses at optimized binder content of 4.36% to 4.12% and temperature 140°C to 160°C.

Bitumen content (%)	Temperature (°C)	Film thicknesses by SEM (μm)	Minimum film thickness (μm)	Maximum film thickness (μm)
4.36	140	0.5	0.5	2.4
		0.8
		0.9
		1
		1.3
		2.4
4.23	150	0.5	0.5	2.35
		1
		1.2
		1.3
		1.6
		1.7
		2.35
4.12	160	0.5	0.5	2.4
		1.1
		1.3
		1.7
		1.8
		2.4