Experimental Study and Proposal to Improve the EWM Design of Cold-Formed Steel Lipped Channel Columns with Circular Holes under Axial Compression

Figure 11

Buckling modes of specimens with a length of 2000 mm. (a) Local buckling. (b) Distortional buckling. (c) Flexural buckling. (d) Flexural-torsional buckling.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)