[Retracted] Modeling and Analysis of Automotive Engine Crankshaft Made of Composite and Functionally Graded Materials

Table 6

Material properties of FGM (316 steel + Al₂O₃).

Layers	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Radial coordinate (mm)	0	10	20	30	40	50	60	70
Mass density (kg/m^3)	8000	7475	6950	6425	5900	5375	4850	4325
Young’s modulus (GPa)	193	208.9	224.8	240.8	256.7	272.6	288.5	304.5
Poisson’s ratio	0.27	0.269	0.2675	0.266	0.265	0.2638	0.2625	0.2613