[Retracted] Nano-SiO₂ and PVA Fiber Synergistically Strengthened Concrete to Optimize the Antifreeze, Antipermeability, and Anticorrosion Performance of Roads

Table 1

Comparison of commonly used fiber parameters.

Fiber type	Modulus of elasticity (GPa)	Tensile strength (MPa)	Limit extension rate (%)
Steel fiber	200	400–1,000	0.5–3.5
Polypropylene fiber	5–8	400–650	18
Glass fiber	73–85	1,000–3,000	4.8–5.4
Carbon fiber	205	2,450–3,150	1
PVA	40–80	1,600–2,500	6