PFC2D-Based Analysis of the Effect of the Axial Loading Rate on the Mechanical Properties of Backfill

Table 1

Meso-mechanical parameters of the backfill.

Terms	Parameters	Values
Linear group	fric	0.5
	emod	1.1
	kratio	1.0
Dashpot group	dp_nratio	0.5
	dp_sratio	0.0
Parallel-bond group	pb_emod	1.1
	pb_kratio	1.0
	pb_ten	2.0
	pb_coh	3.0