PFC2D-Based Analysis of the Effect of the Axial Loading Rate on the Mechanical Properties of Backfill

Table 2

Numerical calculation results of the backfill model.

Specimen type	Loading rate (mm/s)	Peak stress (MPa)	Peak strain (%)	Elastic modulus (GPa)	Number of cracks	Crack-initial stress (MPa)
Backfill	0.1	3.3447	0.2269	1.5080	585	0.0928
	1	3.3488	0.2271	1.5085	588	0.0928
	10	3.4706	0.2366	1.5102	688	0.0930
	50	3.8561	0.2834	1.5253	1039	0.0964
	100	4.2748	0.3032	1.5159	1446	0.0987