The Impact of Heat Exposure, Obesity, and Physical Activity on Sperm Quality: An Observational Study

Table 4

Association between high-temperature exposure, BMI, physical activity, and sperm morphology.

Variable	Morphology		Bivariate			Multivariate
	Abnormal	Normal	OR	CI 95%	p Value	OR	CI 95%	p Value
High-temperature exposure
Medium/high	10 (31.3%)	1 (3.6%)	12.27	1.46–103.41		9.25	0.99–86.53	0.051
Low	22 (68.8%)	27 (96.4%)
BM
Obesity	10 (31.3%)	6 (21.4%)	1.67	0.52–5.38	0.39	1.01	0.26–3.94	0.986
Nonobesity	22 (68.8%)	22 (78.6%)
Physical activity
Low	21 (65.6%)	10 (35.7%)	3.44	1.187–9.95		2.56	0.835–7.88	0.100
Medium/high	11 (34.4%)	18 (64.3%)

Note: BMI: body mass index; Significant p value < 0.05.