The Impact of Heat Exposure, Obesity, and Physical Activity on Sperm Quality: An Observational Study

Table 5

Association of risk factor combinations with sperm concentration, motility, and morphology.

Risk	Total (n = 60)	Concentration			Motility			Morphology
		Abnormal (n = 15)	Normal (n = 45)	p Value	Abnormal (n = 16)	Normal (n = 44)	p Value	Abnormal (n = 32)	Normal (n = 28)	p Value
High-temperature exposure, obesity, and physical activity(low)	4	3 (20%)	1 (2.2%)		3 (18.8%)	1 (2.3%)		3 (9.4%)	1 (3.6%)	0.076
High-temperature exposure and physical activity(low)	5	5 (33.3%)	0		4 (25%)	1 (2.3%)		5 (15.6%)	0
High-temperature exposure and obesity	2	2 (13.3%)	0		0	2 (4.5%)		2 (6.3%)	0
Obesity and physical activity(low)	5	4 (26.7%)	1 (2.2%)		3 (18.8%)	2 (4.5%)		3 (9.4%)	2 (7.1%)
Physical activity(low)	17	1 (6.7%)	16 (35.6%)		2	15 (34.1%)		10 (31.3%)	7 (25%)
Obesity	5	0	5 (11.1%)		3 (18.8%)	2 (4.5%)		2 (6.3%)	3 (10.7%)
High-temperature exposure	0	0	0		0	0		0	0
No risk	22	0	22 (48.9%)		1 (6.3%)	21 (47.7%)		7 (21.9%)	15 (53.6%)

Note: Chi-sqaure test; Significant p value < 0.05; normal-concentration ≥ 15 million/ml; motility PR + NP ≥ 40%; morphology ≥ 4%¹².