Protective Effects of Astaxanthin on Post-Thaw Sperm Quality in Normozoospermic Men

Table 1

Effect of different concentrations of astaxanthin added to freezing medium on sperm parameters after thawing.

Parameters	Groups
	Fresh	Control	Astaxanthin 1 µM	Astaxanthin 10 µM	Astaxanthin 50 µM
Progressive motility (PR) (%)	52.55 ± 7.23	17.13 ± 9.72	18.1 ± 8.1	23.63 ± 8.18^,+	27.54 ± 9.2^,++
Total motility (PR + NP) (%)	85.1 ± 6.3	46.72 ± 4.02	48.8 ± 5.24	65.53 ± 6.18^,+++	67.83 ± 8.34^,+++
Normal morphology	5.1 ± 2.6	4.5 ± 2.3	4.7 ± 1.9	4.9 ± 2.33	4.9 ± 2.78

Note: Data are presented as mean ± SEM. compared with the fresh group. ⁺, ⁺⁺, and ⁺⁺⁺ compared with the control group.