|
| Treatment with clinical evidence | Rationale | Benefits/risks |
|
| Erythropoietic stimulating agents (ESAs) | EPO deficiency | Hb increase, fatigue reduction, QL improvement/thrombotic events, decreased survival |
| Oral iron | Iron deficiency anemia (ferritin < 30 ng/mL) | Hb increase/poor intestinal absorption, gastrointestinal side effects, poor compliance |
| IV Iron supplementation | Anemia of inflammation with iron functional deficiency | Improvement of Hb response to ESAs/hospitalization, infusion reaction |
| Lactoferrin | Anemia of inflammation with iron functional deficiency | Improvement of Hb response to ESAs
Modulation of iron distribution
Reduction of inflammation/no severe side effects |
|
| Emerging drugs | Rationale | Evidence |
|
| Hepcidin antagonists | Hepcidin-mediated iron restriction in anemia of inflammation | Preclinical studies
|
Anti IL-6 monoclonal Ab
| Anemia of inflammation | One phase II clinical trial |
| Activators of autophagy (rapamycin) | Anemia of inflammation | Preclinical studies |
| AMPK activators (metformin, curcumin, etc.) | Anemia of inflammation | Preclinical studies |
| Nutraceuticals (spirulina, curcumin, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, fermented papaya) | Modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation | Preclinical and phase II clinical trials |
|
