Determinants of Anemia in Pregnancy: Findings from the Ethiopian Health and Demographic Survey

Table 4

Parameter estimates of related covariates in the final proportional odds model of pregnant mothers, EDHS 2016 (n = 3082).

Variables		Anemia		COR (95% CI)	value	AOR (95% CI)	value
		Yes, n (%)	No, n (%)
Maternal age	<20 years	12 (38.7)	19 (61.3)	2.068 (0.951, 4.496)	0.067	0.847 (0.343, 2.094)	0.719
	20–29	495 (41.2)	707 (58.8)	2.292 (1.687, 3.115)	<0.001	1.133 (0.790, 1.623)	0.498
	30–39	708 (44.7)	876 (55.3)	2.646 (1.958, 3.576)	<0.001	1.725 (1.241, 2.397)	0.001
	40–49	62 (23.4)	203 (76.6)	1		1
Residence	Urban	144 (40.1)	215 (59.9)	1
	Rural	1133 (41.6)	1590 (58.4)	1.064 (0.850, 1.332)	0.588
Maternal educational status	No education	1022 (44.2%)	1291 (55.8)	2.309 (1.1924.471)	0.013	2.19(1.45, 2.49)	0.01
	Primary	201 (32.6)	415 (67.4)	1.413 (0.718, 2.780)	0.317	0.845 (0.393, 1.817)	0.666
	Secondary	42 (39.6)	64 (60.4)	1.914 (0.893, 4.103)	0.095	1.314 (0.576, 2.999)	0.516
	Higher	12 (25.5)	35 (74.5)	1		1
Religion	Orthodox	175 (25.7)	505 (74.3)	1		1
	Protestant	141 (29.4)	338 (70.6)	1.204 (0.927, 1.563)	0.164	0.997 (0.751, 1.323)	0.982
	Muslim	940 (51.2)	896 (48.8)	3.027 (2.492, 3.678)	<0.001	2.117 (1.693, 2.649)	<0.001
	Others	21 (24.1)	66 (75.9)	0.918 (0.546, 1.545)	0.748	0.722 (0.421, 1.238)	0.237
Number of HH members	1–3	105 (36.6)	182 (63.4)	1		1
	4–6	641 (45.6)	764 (54.4)	1.454 (1.119, 1.890)	0.005	1.443 (1.055, 1.973)	0.022
	7–9	446 (39.1)	696 (60.9)	1.111 (0.850, 1.452)	0.442	0.937 (0.659, 1.332)	0.716
	≥10	85 (34.3)	163 (65.7)	0.904 (0.633, 1.290)	0.578	0.716 (0.457, 1.122)	0.145
Number of under-five children	0	128 (35.0)	238 (65.0)	1		1
	1	385 (34.9)	717 (65.1)	0.998 (0.779, 1.279)	0.990	0.953 (0.721, 1.260)	0.738
	2	611 (48.5)	648 (51.5)	1.753 (1.377, 2.232)	<0.001	1.471 (1.100, 1.966)	0.009
	≥3	153 (43.1)	202 (56.9)	1.408 (1.043, 1.902)	0.026	0.988 (0.690, 1.415)	0.949
Sex of HH head	Male	988 (38.1)	1604 (61.9)	1		1
	Female	298 (59.0)	201 (41.0)	2.334 (1.917, 2.842)	<0.001	2.025 (1.614, 2.540)	<0.001
Having a bank account	Yes	40 (19.6)	164 (80.4)	1		1
	No	1237 (43.0)	1641 (57.0)	3.091 (2.170, 4.401)	<0.001	2.049 (1.376, 3.051)	>0.001
Wealth index	Poorest	684 (50.8)	663 (49.2)	2.153 (1.682, 2.755)	<0.001	1.29 (1.223, 1.643)	>0.001
	Poorer	206 (38.6)	328 (61.4)	1.311 (0.988, 1.738)	0.060	0.926 (0.671, 1.279)	0.641
	Middle	123 (29.1)	300 (70.9)	0.856 (0.630, 1.162)	0.318	0.666 (0.475, 1.735)	0.719
	Richer	149 (35.2)	274 (64.8)	1.135 6(0.842, 1.530)	0.406	0.970 (0.697, 1.351)	0.859
	Richest	115 (32.4)	240 (67.6)	1		1
Current pregnancy wanted	Then	1027 (44.2)	1295 (55.8)	2.370 (1.829, 3.070)	<0.001	1.934 (1.439, 2.600)	<0.001
	Later	165 (39.2)	256 (60.8)	1.926 (1.407, 2.637)	<0.001	1.756 (1.236, 2.495)	0.002
	Not at all	85 (25.1)	254 (74.9)	1		1
Ever had terminated pregnancy	Yes	113 (31.8)	242 (68.2)	1		1
	No	1164 (42.7)	1563 (57.3)	1.595 (1.260, 2.019)	<0.001	1.489 (1.147, 1.935)	0.003
Age at first sexual intercourse	<13 years	35 (23.3)	115 (76.7)	1		1
	13–17 years	880 (42.8)	1175 (57.2)	2.461 (1.669, 3.628)	<0.001	1.966 (1.286, 3.004)	0.002
	≥18 years	362 (41.3)	515 (58.7)	2.310 (1.546, 3.451)	<0.001	1.596 (1.023, 2.489)	0.039
Husband’s desire for more children	Both want the same	396 (40.8)	574 (59.2)	1		1
	Husband wants more	536 (49.4)	550 (50.6)	1.413 (1.186, 1.682)	<0.001	1.093 (0.901, 1.326)	0.368
	Husband wants fewer	67 (34.5)	127 (65.5)	0.765 (0.554, 1.056)	0.103	0.924 (0.652, 1.309)	0.656
	Do not know	272 (34.1)	526 (65.1)	0.750 (0.617, 0.910)	0.004	0.629 (0.507, 0.780)	<0.001
Respondent currently working	Yes	302 (41.8)	421 (58.2)	1
	No	975 (41.3)	1384 (58.7)	0.982 (0.829, 1.163)	0.834