Acta Neurologica Scandinavica

Research Article

Candidate Selection for Implantation: Noninvasive Predictors of Seizure Onset Zone Focality and Surgical Outcome in People with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Evaluated by Intracranial Video-EEG Monitoring—A Retrospective Cohort Study

Table 2

Diagnostic and surgical cohort analysis.


Variable	Category	Diagnostic cohort ()			Surgical cohort ()
Variable	Category	OR	[95% CI]	value	OR	[95% CI]	value

Epilepsy duration		0.97	[0.92, 1.02]	0.27	1.01	[0.93, 1.11]	0.8

Age at evaluation		1.02	[0.96, 1.08]	0.57	0.91	[0.81, 1.02]	0.09

Gender	Male	1.33	[0.49, 3.6]	0.57	0.47	[0.09, 2.43]	0.37

Seizure frequency	Weekly	0.42	[0.12, 1.48]	0.18	0.05	[<0.01, 0.52]	0.01
Seizure frequency	Daily	0.23	[0.04, 1.47]	0.12	<0.01	[<0.01, 0.15]	<0.01

Presence of FBTCS	Yes	0.28	[0.09, 0.9]	0.03	0.07	[<0.01, 0.57]	0.01

MRI lesion group	Nonfocal	1.06	[0.19, 5.84]	0.95	0.2	[0.01, 3.35]	0.26
MRI lesion group	Nonlesional	0.84	[0.21, 3.27]	0.8	0.02	[<0.01, 0.37]	<0.01

SVEM IEDs	Multifocal only	1.11	[0.34, 3.58]	0.86	0.07	[<0.01, 0.67]	0.02
SVEM IEDs	Generalised	0.13	[0.02, 0.68]	0.02	<0.01	[<0.01, 0.26]	<0.01

SVEM ictal onset	Multifocal	0.29	[0.03, 2.67]	0.28	0.37	[<0.01, 13.98]	0.59
SVEM ictal onset	Nonlocalising	1.43	[0.42, 4.85]	0.57	1.5	[0.19, 11.65]	0.7

Localisation hypothesis	ETE	1.49	[0.44, 5.08]	0.52	2.48	[0.26, 23.35]	0.43

Lateralisation hypothesis	Right	0.98	[0.34, 2.88]	0.98	1.7	[0.3, 9.66]	0.55
Lateralisation hypothesis	Unknown	0.33	[0.06, 1.81]	0.2	2.57	[0.19, 34.74]	0.48

IVEM type	SEEG	1.05	[0.35, 3.14]	0.93	1.27	[0.23, 6.91]	0.78

Note: reference categories for the variables are “female” for gender, “monthly” for seizure frequency, “no” for presence of FBTCS, “focal” for MRI lesion group, “normal or focal only” for SVEM IEDs, “focal only” for SVEM ictal onset, “TLE” for localisation hypothesis, “left” for lateralisation hypothesis, and “subdural electrodes” for IVEM type. Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval; ETE: extratemporal epilepsy; FBTCS: focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures; IEDs: interictal epileptiform discharges; IVEM: intracranial video-EEG monitoring; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; OR: odds ratio; SVEM: scalp video-EEG monitoring; TLE: temporal lobe epilepsy. Statistically significant <0.05. Statistically significant <0.01.