The Impact of COVID-19 on Parkinson’s Disease: A Case-Controlled Registry and Questionnaire Study on Clinical Markers and Patients’ Perceptions

Figure 3

Response distribution on individual items consisting of ordinal variables where difference between control and cases was statistically significant in the questionnaire study. EQ-5D-5L item 4 (perceived pain on an ordinal scale), PCPC item 2 (perception of change in general motor function), PCPC item 10 (perception of change in mood and sadness), and PCPC item 14 (perception of change in sleep quality). For perceived pain, 0—I have no pain or discomfort, 1—I have slight pain or discomfort, 2—I have moderate pain or discomfort, 4—I have severe pain or discomfort, and 5—I have extreme pain or discomfort. For perception of change, 0—no perceived change after confirmed COVID-19, -3—maximal worsening perceived after COVID-19 confirmation, and 3—maximal improvement perceived after COVID-19 confirmation. For statistical analysis, see Table 3.