The Impact of COVID-19 on Parkinson’s Disease: A Case-Controlled Registry and Questionnaire Study on Clinical Markers and Patients’ Perceptions

Table 1

Overview of the instruments included in the registry and questionnaire studies. This study utilized several validated instruments to assess different aspects of PD nonmotor and motor symptomatology and general health aspects.

	Abbreviation	Field of application	Categorization	Reference
Clinical Impression of Severity Index for Parkinson’s Disease	CISI-PD	Clinical judgment (by a medical professional) on Parkinson’s disease severity based on motor symptoms and complications, cognitive status, and disability.	C, V	Martínez-Martín et al. [21]
EuroQol-5 Dimension European Quality of Life Five Dimension Five Level	EQ-5D-5L	Patient-reported quality of life across 5 domains: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression.	Q, R, V	Schrag et al. [35]
Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire	NMSQ	Patient-reported nonmotor symptoms across 9 domains: gastrointestinal, urinary tract, sexual function, cardiovascular, attention, delusions, depression/anxiety, fatigue, and pain.	Q, R, V	Romenets et al. [36]
Post-COVID-19 Functional Status	PCFS/aFS	Patient-reported functional status and limitations related to persistent symptoms of COVID-19.	Q, V	Klok et al. [22]
Perception of change post-COVID-19	PCPC	Patient-reported perception of change after COVID-19 across 8 domains: general health, motor function, fatigue, attention, delusions, depression/anxiety, memory, and ability to smell and taste.	Q, A	A
8-item Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire	PDQ8	Patient-reported health-related quality of life across 8 domains: mobility, activities of daily living, emotional well-being, stigma, social support, cognitions, communication, and bodily discomfort	Q, R, V	Tan et al. [37]

A short explanation of what each scale assesses and reference for more in-depth details, as well as categorization of the scales and how they served this study, is presented. Q (used in the questionnaire study), R (used in the registry study), C (used in the matching of cases to controls), V (validated), and A (synthesized by authors, not validated).