| | Variables | Onset with seizures (148, 44.1%) | Onset with nonseizures (195, 56.9%) | value |
| | Age at onset, Y, median [IQR] | 28 [19-43.5] | 46 [27-58] | <0.001 | | Sex: male, (%) | 70 (47.3%) | 95 (48.7%) | 0.794 | | Antineuronal antibodies findings | | | | | Antibody positive, (%) | 90 (60.8%) | 108 (55.4%) | 0.314 | | NMDAR | 59 (65.6%) | 60 (55%) | 0.108 | | LGI1 | 4 (4.4%) | 10 (9.3%) | 0.471 | | GABABR | 16 (18%) | 3 (3%) | <0.001 | | CASPR2 | 1 (1%) | 10 (9%) | 0.014 | | AMPA | 0 | 5 (5%) | 0.041 | | DPPX | 2 (2.2%) | 9 (8.3%) | 0.014 | | Multiantibodies | 5 (6%) | 4 (4%) | 0.513 | | Antibodies against cell surface antigens, (%) | 89 (98.9%) | 105 (97.2%) | 0.407 | | Antibody negative, (%) | 58 (39.2%) | 87 (44.6%) | 0.398 | | Antibody titres, (%) | | | | | + | 19 (21.1%) | 31 (28.7%) | 0.221 | | ++ | 37 (41.1%) | 50 (46.3%) | 0.464 | | +++ | 34 (37.8%) | 27 (25.0%) | 0.052 | | Seizure type at onset | | | | | Generalized, (%) | 24 (16.2%) | | | | Focal motor, (%) | 50 (33.8%) | | | | Focal nonmotor, (%) | 14 (9.5%) | | | | Focal to bilateral, (%) | 100 (67.6%) | | | | Multiple seizure type, (%) | 40 (27.0%) | | | | FBDS, (%) | 3 (2.0%) | | | | Seizure frequency at onset | | | | | Daily, (%) | 79 (53.4%) | | | | Weekly, (%) | 30 (20.3%) | | | | Monthly, (%) | 39 (26.6%) | | | | Drug resistance to ASMs during the acute phase, (%) | 43 (29.1%) | | | | Encephalitis-associated symptoms | | | | | Prodromal symptoms, (%) | 79 (53.4%) | 120 (61.5%) | 0.129 | | Altered level of consciousness, (%) | 46 (31.1%) | 68 (34.9%) | 0.460 | | Behavior disorders, (%) | 61 (41.2%) | 120 (62.5%) | <0.001 | | Short-term memory deficits, (%) | 26 (17.6%) | 60 (30.8%) | 0.005 | | Cognitive disorders, (%) | 45 (30.4%) | 89 (45.6%) | 0.004 | | Speech disorders, (%) | 12 (8.1%) | 41 (21.0%) | 0.001 | | Sleep disorders, (%) | 13 (8.8%) | 22 (11.3%) | 0.449 | | Autonomic dysfunction, (%) | 5 (3.4%) | 12 (6.2%) | 0.241 | | Central hypoventilation, (%) | 7 (4.7%) | 3 (1.5%) | 0.082 | | Admission in ICU, (%) | 53 (35.8%) | 54 (27.7%) | 0.108 | | Lung infection, (%) | 47 (31.8%) | 50 (25.6%) | 0.213 | | Confirmed tumors, (%) | 5 (3.4%) | 20 (10.3%) | 0.015 | | CSF routine examination | | | | | CSF WBC count 106 | | | 0.856 | | CSF protein level (mg/L) | | | <0.001 | | CSF immunoglobulin G level (g/L) | | | <0.001 | | CSF immunoglobulin M level (g/L) | | | 0.098 | | CSF immunoglobulin A level (g/L) | | | 0.001 | | Abnormal EEG findings, (%) | 83 (56.1%) | 60 (31.3%) | <0.001 | | Diffuse/focal slow activity, (%) | 52 (35.1%) | 44 (22.9%) | 0.013 | | Diffuse IEDs, (%) | 21 (14.2%) | 13 (6.8%) | 0.024 | | Temporal IEDs, (%) | 6 (4.1%) | 3 (1.6%) | 0.156 | | Extratemporal IEDs, (%) | 4 (2.7%) | 0 | 0.022 | | Abnormal MRI findings, (%) | 81(54.7%) | 114 (58.5%) | 0.489 | | T-plus, (%) | 62 (41.9%) | 87 (44.6%) | 0.614 | | Extra-T, (%) | 19 (12.8%) | 27 (13.8%) | 0.786 | | Both, (%) | 35 (23.6%) | 61 (31.3%) | 0.119 | | MRS scores at onset, median [IQR] | 2 [1-3] | 2 [1-3] | 0.549 | | MRS scores at discharge, median [IQR] | 1 [0-3] | 1 [1-3] | 0.017 |
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In addition, there were also 1 anti-GAD65 encephalitis, 2 anti-mGLUR5 encephalitis, 4 anti-MOG encephalitis, 1 anti-Ri encephalitis, 1 anti-Yo encephalitis, and 1 anti-SOX1 encephalitis. Abbreviations: FBDS: faciobrachial dystonic seizures; ASMs: antiseizure medications (ASMs); MRS: modified Rankin Scale; IEDs: interictal epileptiform discharges; T: temporal.
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