Dietary Creatine Reduces Lipid Accumulation by Improving Lipid Catabolism in the Herbivorous Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella

Table 1

The chemical configuration of experimental diets (g/kg air-dry basis).

Components	ND	HFD
Casein	320	320	320	320
Gelatin	80	80	80	80
Dextrin	280	280	280	280
Cellulose	219	189	179	169
Fish oil	25	40	40	40
Soybean oil	25	40	40	40
Carboxymethylcellulose	30	30	30	30
Butylated hydroxytoluene	1	1	1	1
Mineral and vitamin mix^1	20	20	20	20
Creatine	0	0	10	20
Total	1000	1000	1000	1000
Chemical composition (g kg^-1)
Moisture	96.8	98.5	98.6	97.4
Crude protein ()	358.8	360.5	359.9	361.2
Crude fat	48.8	78.9	79.5	79.1
Ash	55.6	54.8	56.7	54.0
Gross energy (kJ g^-1)^2	15.38	15.97	15.95	16.01

¹The mineral mix was composed of (g/100 g of the total mineral): KAl (SO₄) 0.159, CaCO₃ 18.101, Ca (H₂PO₄)₂ 44.601, CoCl 0.070, MgSO₄ 5.216, MnSO₄·H₂O0.070, KCl 16.553, KI 0.014, ZnCO₃ 0.192, NaH₂PO₄ 13.605, Na₂SeO₃ 0.006, CuSO₄·5H₂O 0.075, ferric citrate 1.338. The vitamin mix was composed of (mg/1000 g of diet): vitamin C, 200; thiamine, 10; riboflavin, 20; vitamin A, 3000 IU; vitamin E, 50 IU; vitamin D3, 1500 IU; menadione, 10; pyridoxine HCl, 10; cyanocobalamin, 0.02; biotin, 1.0; calciumpantothenate, 40; folic acid, 5; niacin, 20; inositol, 400; choline chloride, 2000; and cellulose was employed as a carrier. ²The gross energy was calculated based on the formula: , normal diet; HFD: high-fat diet; : HFD supplemented with 1% creatine; : HFD supplemented with 2% creatine.