An Evaluation of Replacing Fish Meal with Fermented Soybean Meal in Diet of Hybrid Snakehead (Channa argus × Channa maculata): Growth, Nutrient Utilization, Serum Biochemical Indices, Intestinal Histology, and Microbial Community

Table 1

Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis, g/kg).

Ingredients	CON	FM-30	FM-25	FM-20	FM-15
Fish meal^1	350.0	300.0	250.0	200.0	150.0
Fermented soybean meal^1	0.0	72.0	144.0	216.0	288.0
Wheat flour^1	199.5	172.4	145.2	118.1	91.0
Wheat gluten^1	40.0	40.0	40.0	40.0	40.0
Soybean meal^1	120.0	120.0	120.0	120.0	120.0
Soybean protein concentrate^1	80.0	80.0	80.0	80.0	80.0
Beer yeast^1	50.0	50.0	50.0	50.0	50.0
Corn gluten meal^1	40.0	40.0	40.0	40.0	40.0
Fish oil	20.0	24.0	28.0	32.0	36.0
Soybean oil	20.0	20.0	20.0	20.0	20.0
Soybean lecithin	20.0	20.0	20.0	20.0	20.0
Yeast paste	30.0	30.0	30.0	30.0	30.0
Vitamin premix^2	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0
Mineral premix^3	25.0	25.0	25.0	25.0	25.0
Yttrium oxide	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
L-Lysine, HCl	0.0	0.6	1.3	1.8	2.4
DL-Methionine	0.0	0.5	1.1	1.6	2.1
Total	1000.0	1000.0	1000.0	1000.0	1000.0
Proximate composition (g/kg)
Moisture	87.8	86.4	79.3	86.0	79.5
Crude protein	484.0	484.2	480.1	480.2	479.5
Crude lipid	104.9	102.0	99.2	107.7	105.3
Crude ash	134.3	130.6	124.0	127.6	121.6

¹The protein contents of protein ingredients were as follows: fish meal, 668 g/kg; fermented soybean meal, 500 g/kg; wheat flour, 140 g/kg; wheat gluten, 769 g/kg; soybean meal, 459 g/kg; soybean protein concentrate, 654 g/kg; beer yeast, 464 g/kg; and corn gluten meal, 595 g/kg. ²Vitamin premix (mg or IU/kg diet): VA, 10000 IU; VD₃, 3000 IU; VE, 150 IU; VK₃, 12.75 mg; VB₁, 20 mg; VB₂, 20 mg; VB₃, 100 mg; VB₆, 22 mg; VB₁₂, 0.15 mg; inositol, 500 mg; biotin, 0.6 mg; and folic acid, 8 mg. ³Mineral premix (mg/kg diet): I, 1.5 mg; Mn, 11.45 mg; Co, 0.6 mg; Cu, 3 mg; Zn, 89 mg; Se, 0.24 mg; Mg, 180 mg; and Fe, 63 mg.