Effect of Graded Levels of Dietary Emamectin Benzoate on Immunity, Enzyme Activity, and Withdrawal Period in <i>Labeo rohita</i> Juveniles (Hamilton, 1822)

Choudhary, Pushpa; Swain, Priyabrat; Das, Rakesh; Sahoo, Satya Narayan; Das, Krushna Chandra; Patil, Prasanna Kumar; Mishra, Sudhansu Sekhar

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4688312

Aquaculture Nutrition

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Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Ethical Approval Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 4688312 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4688312

Effect of Graded Levels of Dietary Emamectin Benzoate on Immunity, Enzyme Activity, and Withdrawal Period in Labeo rohita Juveniles (Hamilton, 1822)

Pushpa Choudhary,¹Priyabrat Swain,¹Rakesh Das,¹Satya Narayan Sahoo,¹Krushna Chandra Das,¹Prasanna Kumar Patil,²and Sudhansu Sekhar Mishra¹

Academic Editor: Ayşegül Kubilay

Received26 Nov 2021

Accepted10 Jan 2022

Published18 Feb 2022

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary emamectin benzoate (EB) levels on immune responses, serum enzyme activities, and retention of EB in muscle tissue to establish the withdrawal period in rohu, Labeo rohita juveniles (avg. wt. g). To ascertain this, 450 healthy L. rohita juveniles were fed with EB in graded doses viz., at 50 (1x), 125 (2.5x), 250 (5x), and 375 (7.5x) μg kg^-1 of fish biomass day^-1, respectively, in triplicate for 21 days through a basal feed. Upon completion of 21 days, the same experimental fish were fed with basal feed (without EB) for another 14 days to measure the retention of EB in the muscle tissue. Each 7-day interval, five fish were randomly sampled. The results showed that respiratory burst activity, myeloperoxidase activity, bacterial haemagglutination, and haemolysis activities were improved significantly () in 1x and 2.5x dose fed group from 7^th day onwards until 14^th day. Few selected enzyme activities viz., LDH and ALP were found to be significantly () high in the fish fed with EB at 5x and 7.5x dose compared to 1x. The LC-MS/MS study of the experimental fish discloses that EB was retained in muscle tissue at a dose-dependent manner and significantly () lowest level ( ppb) was retained in the fish fed with 1x dose of EB. Hence, 1x dose of EB may be adhered to treat L. rohita juveniles through feed with 14 days of withdrawal period.

1. Introduction

Parasitic diseases are increasingly recognized as a possible restriction for sustainable freshwater aquaculture, and their control is always extremely challenging. The ectoparasitic infestation in freshwater farmed fishes causes a significant loss to the farmers in the aquaculture sector, thereby resulting in substantial economic losses. Few common parasites viz., Argulus sp., Ichthyophthirius sp., Trichodina sp., Dactylogyrus sp., and Lernaea sp., are mainly found in Indian freshwater carp culture system [1, 2]. Furthermore, few selected families of parasites like Argulidae, Caligidae, Lernaeidae, and Cymothoidae are always a major concern in aquaculture worldwide due to repeated occurence and significant economic loss cater by them [3]. Recently, FDA has approved emamectin benzoate (EB) in aquaculture exclusively through feed treatment for controlling several ecto-parasitic infestations. However, there is no information on the effect of the EB on immunity and important enzyme activities related to the health parameters of treated fish (L. rohita) during and post administration of EB through the basal feed. To answer such query, the present investigation has been designed and executed at tropical climate (avg. temp. ~30°C) with minimum and maximum concentrations or dose levels of EB (1x-7.5x) through the feed with 14 days of withdrawal strategy. EB was originally used for controlling pests in edible plant crops, but at a later date, it was found to be an effective antiparasitic drug against sea lice treatment in farmed Atlantic salmon in the UK, Norway, and Canada [4]. EB acts by releasing neurotransmitter inhibitory substances and subsequently causing the paralysis followed by death of insects upon ingestion [5]. It is a mixture of two chemicals with a similar structure mixed with minimum of 90% 4-epimethylamino-4-deoxyavermectin B1a and a maximum of 10% 4-epi-methylamino-4-deoxyaverrnectin Blb benzoate [6]. The benzoate salt of emamectin has greater water solubility and low toxicity and has better thermal stability than hydrochloride salt and has broader insecticidal spectrum than ivermectin. Over the years, parasitic diseases causing significant economic loss to the freshwater fish farmers and to control such loss the availability of safe or approved antiparasitic drug is always an important and need-based concern. In addition, the control of any infectious diseases (bacteria, parasitic, or viral) in the aquaculture system depends on decent management practices, along with the use of few or selected approved, safe, and commercially available drugs and vaccines [7]. Hence, studying the possible health impact (mainly nonspecific immunity and enzymatic indices) during and postfeeding of EB is a well-verged topic to carry out the research and need of the hour before it is adequately recommended for wider application. Furthermore, the withdrawal period is also playing an important role, and till date, few developed countries already made their standard withdrawal protocol (drug specific) for selected aquaculture drugs. Therefore, to establish the withdrawal period for such antiparasitic drug by conducting tissue level retention study will definitely help to make the standard withdrawal period for sustainable carp aquaculture production and to up-keep the better health of farmed rohu, Labeo rohita or treated fish.

Rohu, Labeo rohita is one of the highest preferred freshwater fish in South Asian countries, viz., Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and India. Moreover, in Indian freshwater carp culture system, L. rohita is always susceptible to a series of ectoparasite infestation during the grow out culture system (juveniles to preadult to adult stage/marketable size) in ponds or tanks or reservoir. Therefore, systematic evaluation of EB (antiparasitic drug) on immunity, enzyme activities, and deposition of EB in the fish muscle after administration through the feed is well approached.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Preparation of Experimental Fish

Healthy L. rohita juveniles (avg. wt. g) with no record of parasitic or bacterial infections were procured from Odisha Pisciculture Development Corporation Farm, Kausalyaganga, Odisha, to carry out the present investigation. Four hundred and fifty healthy fish were procured and stocked in FRP (fiber-reinforced plastic) tank (500 l) with continuous aeration support at wet-lab facility of ICAR-CIFA, Odisha, for 15 days as acclimatization period. During that time, fish were fed with only the basal feed (control diet with ~30% crude protein level), and water parameters were maintained in optimal ranges.

2.2. Experimental Condition

Feeding experiment was carried out at wet-lab facility of FHMD, ICAR-CIFA, Odisha, by continuous aeration support and the temperature of the tank water was maintained at °C throughout the experimental duration. Thirty fish were stocked in each EB-treated tanks (1x, T1; 2.5x, T2; 5x, T3; and 7.5x, T4) and control (C; without EB) with triplicates. The water quality parameters were measured following standard methods [8]. The recorded water parameters were found to be in optimal ranges during the entire experimental period. The experimental fish were fed twice (half meal at a time) a day (at 9:00 and 17:00 h) at 3% average body weight per day basis. EB (1x-7.5x) incorporated diet fed for 21days as per the given graded level and followed by 14days of withdrawal period (while EB was not administered, only the basal feed was continued).

2.3. Design of Experiment

The feeding experiment was conducted in triplicates with completely randomized design (CRD). The inclusion of emamectin benzoate (PESTANAL®, analytical standard, Product Number: 31733; PESTANAL is a registered trademark of Sigma-Aldrich International GmbH) was added as following doses to the basal feed and designated as (i)(T0): control: only basal feed without EB(ii)(T1): 1x concentration of EB at 50 μg kg^-1 of fish biomass per day(iii)(T2): 2.5x concentration of EB at 125 μg kg^-1 of fish biomass per day(iv)(T3): 5x concentration of EB at 250 μg kg^-1 of fish biomass per day(v)(T4): 7.5x concentration of EB at 375 μg kg^-1 of fish biomass per day

The amount of EB prerequisite was calculated as based on 3% feed per kg ABW day^-1 (fish biomass). Hence, to determine the availability of EB in the medicated feed, the final amount of EB was added to the per kg of basal feed at 1.67 mg (1x), 4.17 mg (2.5x), 8.33 mg (5x), and 12.5 mg (7.5x), respectively.

2.4. Medicated Feed Preparation

EB-incorporated (medicated) feed was prepared at ICAR-CIFA, Kausalyaganga, Odisha, by using locally available feed ingredients (Table 1) and keeping all the necessary nutritional requirements as per the need of experimental fish. Furthermore, the prepared mediciated feed found to be contains 296 g kg^-1of crude protein which is appropriate for the experimental species at juvenile stage. Initially, all the feed ingredients were cooked (autoclaved) once the temperature of the dough came down to ~37°C commercially available vitamin and mineral mixture was added along with the calculated amount of EB. Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) was used as a binder. The final dough was pressed through a hand pelletizer to get uniform-sized pellets (2 mm), and pellets were dried at room temperature (~30°C) for 48 h. At the end, the pelleted feed was packed in airtight bags and kept at 4°C for further use.

2.5. Sampling of Experimental Fish

To determine the growth of fish, at each sampling day (7^th, 14^th, 21^st, and 35^th day), five fish were randomly collected from each tank, weighed (Mettler Toledo), and followed by anaesthetized with clove oil at 50 μl liter^-1 of water; then, blood was drawn from the caudal vein using a 2.0 ml hypodermal syringe. Approximately 500–600 μl of blood was drawn from each fish and was immediately transferred into two vials, one coated with thin layer anticoagulant i.e., EDTA, and the other one without it. Vials having anticoagulants were shaken gently to prevent hemolysis. Serum separation was done by incubating the vials in slanting position for about 1 hr, followed by centrifuging them at 3000 g for 15 min at 4°C and taken out using a micropipette and stored at −20°C until further use. For liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) study, muscle tissues were collected from the dorsal part of the treated (EB-fed) fish and immediately stored at -80°C until further use.

2.6. Estimation of Immune Parameters

2.6.1. Myeloperoxidase Activity

Serum myeloperoxidase activity was determined as per [9] method. In brief, 15 μl of fish serum collected from experimental fish and control fish was diluted in 135 μl of Hank’s balanced salt solution (Ca2+, Mg2+ free), followed by the addition of 50 μl of 20 mM of 3,3,5,5-tetra methyl benzidine and 5 mM of hydrogen peroxide to it. Afterwards, the above mixture was incubated for two minutes at room temperature and ending of the reaction was done by addition of 4 M sulphuric acid into it. Finally, the optical density was measured by UV-VIS Spectrophotometer (Thermo Spectronic, UK) at 450 nm.

2.6.2. Respiratory Burst Activity

The respiratory burst activity which ultimately measures the reduction in nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) by intracellular superoxide radicals. The following steps were followed to attain this; 50 μl of heparinized blood was mixed and incubated for 30 minutes at 25°C with 50 μl of 0.2% NBT (Sigma, USA) solution. Afterwards, 50 μl of the above mixture was taken and added to 1 ml of N,N, diethylmethyl formamide (Qualigens, India). Then, it was centrifuged at 6000 g for 5 minutes. The optical density of the supernatant was read at 540 nm using the UV-VIS Spectrophotometer (Thermo Spectronic, UK) [10].

2.6.3. Lysozyme Assay

To carry out lysozyme activity assay, a lyophilized Micrococcus lysodeikticus (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was used as described by Ellis [11]. In brief, 130 μl of freshly prepared M. lysodeikticus solution which contains 0.6 mg ml^-1 (in 0.02 M sodium citrate buffer) was added to a mixture comprising of 10 μl fish serum and 10 μl of 0.02 M sodium citrate buffer. The initial optical density was immediately read at 450 nm after adding bacterial solution into it. Further, the OD of the samples was read at the same wavelength (450 nm) postincubation for 1 hr at 24°C. Simultaneously, a standard curve was prepared using a mixture of 20 μl working standard and 130 μl of M. lysodeikticus solution in separate. Finally, lysozyme activity was expressed in units ml^-1 where one unit is defined as the decrease in absorbance of 0.001 min^-1.

2.6.4. Bacterial Agglutination Activity

Bacterial agglutination test was carried out as per [12]. In brief, twofold serially diluted fish serum samples were taken at 25 μl with an equal volume of normal salt solution in each well. After that, 25 μl of formalin-killed Aeromonas hydrophila (10⁷ cells ml^-1) suspension was added next to each of the wells followed by incubation of microtitre plate for overnight at 37°C. At the end, the final titre was calculated as the reciprocal of the highest dilution of serum showing complete agglutination of the bacterial cells.

2.6.5. Hemagglutination Activity

The hemagglutination activity was carried out following Blazer et al. [13]. In brief, ‘U’-shaped microtiter plates were loaded with twofold serial dilution of 25 μl fish serum samples which has been inactivated by keeping at 45°C for 30 mins followed by using an equal volume of NSS. Then, 25 μl of freshly prepared 1% New Zealand white rabbit red blood cell (RBC) suspension was added to all the wells followed by incubation of plate at room temperature (28–30°C) for 2 h or at 4°C overnight. Finally, the titre was calculated as the reciprocal of the highest dilution of serum showing complete agglutination of RBC.

2.6.6. Haemolytic Activity

The haemolytic activity assay of serum sample was as per Blazer et al. [13]. In brief, collected fish sera were subjected to the protocol used for determining the HA titre. In this case, the plates were incubated at room temperature overnight. At the end, the titre was expressed as the reciprocal of the highest dilution of serum showing complete haemolysis of rabbit RBCs.

2.7. Estimation of Enzyme Activity

2.7.1. Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Assay

The alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) in the fish serum for the entire sample including treated and control was assessed using the ready-to-use kit—alkaline phosphatase activity kit (Bio Vision, USA)—using the manufacturer’s instructions. Here, analysis was confirmed by seeing the formation of dephosphorylated by alkaline phosphatase which turns yellow ( nm). P-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) was being used as a phosphatase substrate.

2.7.2. Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Assay

The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in the fish serum for the treated and control samples were analysed by following the instruction of a ready-to-use kit (Sigma-Aldrich, USA).

2.8. LC-MS/MS Analysis of Fish Muscle (Edible) Tissue

EB residue in different treatment groups (1x–7.5x) of fish tissue (muscle) was quantified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) according to Ananda Raja et al. [14] with slight modification. Briefly, the desired tissue samples were weighted and homogenized; then, 5 g of homogenate was transferred to a 50 ml centrifuge tube and was mixed with 20 ml of acetone and centrifuged at 7500 g for 10 minutes. The supernatant was transferred to a 100 ml round bottom flask, and the sample was reextracted with 10 ml of acetone. Supernatants were combined, and acetone from them was removed by using rotary evaporator, and the aqueous solution obtained was then loaded on to the column and the aqueous eluent; solvent was discarded. The elute was collected and dried in rotary evaporator which was further dissolved in 2 ml of acetonitrile including 1% acetic acid. Five microliters of the final solution were injected into the LC-MS/MS system, and the quantity of the EB was determined at the retention time of 5 minutes.

2.9. Statistical Analysis

All the data were checked for homogeneity of the variances by using Levene’s test [15]. In addition, to determine the effect of EB in experimental fish by measuring the immunity, enzyme activity, and tissue level retention, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) have been performed, using Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) according to Steel and Torrie [16] by using SPSS program (version 22, IBM). Differences between means were compared in all statistical tests used, and was considered as significantly different. All the results presented as (SE).

3. Results

3.1. Growth and Immunity

To assess the impact of EB on growth of fish during the feeding trial (1x-7.5x dose of EB), all the experimental fish were periodically weighted on each sampling days (7^th, 14^th, and 21^st days). The final growth of fish had no significant difference () among the treated and control group fish (without EB). The nonspecific immune parameters such as myeloperoxidase activity, respiratory burst activity, lysozyme activity, haemagglutination, and bacterial agglutination titre were significantly varied () with treated fish compared with the control. The results were presented in Figures 1–5. The respiratory burst activity in the blood of the treated and control fish was significantly higher in 1x and 2.5x than control fish and lowered in 5x concentration and 7.5x concentration () until the 21^st day. The myeloperoxidase activity of the treated and control fish was significantly diverse in all the groups during the feeding trial. It was higher () in 1x and 2.5x EB-fed treatment groups and lower in 5x and 7.5x EB fed groups. The haemagglutination activity and the haemolysis activity was found to be high in all the fish fed with EB (1x and 2.5x concentrations) on day 7^th onward, but gradually reduced after withdrawal of the EB. The lysozyme activity was like the control, and the bacterial agglutination activity was found to be unchanged.

3.2. Enzymatic Responses

The enzyme activities have been performed in serum viz., lactate dehydrogenase activity and alkaline phosphatase activity. The result of the study showed that significant increase () in the treated fish those who have received 5x and 7.5x concentrations of EB (presented in Figures 6 and 7). Additionally, withdrawal of EB results to minimization of the value of such enzymes in case of fish fed with < 2.5x dose. The LDH and ALP were found to be significantly unchanged in fish fed with 5x and 7.5x dose of EB compared to the fish received 1x dose.

3.3. EB Concentration in Muscle Tissue to Establish Withdrawal Period

The absorptions of EB reserved in edible tissue (muscle) are presented in Table 2. The EB residue found to be ranged from ppb to ppb during the 21-day feeding trial. It was observed that residue was detected in muscle tissue at a very negligible amount which is ppb (ng/g) in fish fed with 1x concentration of EB (50 μg/kg b. w./day) on 35^th day (end of the experiment) and become insignificant () once compared with the initial dose. But fish fed with 2.5x, 5x, and 7.5x concentrations found to be highly significant () level of deposition or retention of EB. It implies that fish fed with higher doses of EB (≥2.5x concentration) were unable to defaecate the EB effectively during the 14 days of withdrawal period, and hence, eventually, EB has been deposited significantly () in the muscle tissue.

4. Discussion

Parasitic infestation in semi-intensive and intensive aquaculture system is becoming a routine outbreak, to overcome such incidences finding out effective antiparasitic drug is a need-based approach. The use of different chemicals, beyond drugs viz., sodium chloride, formaldehyde, potassium permanganate, formalin, trichlorfon, and powdered quick lime, have been reported by various authors [17–19]. However, in salmon farming, few drugs or chemicals are found to be effective in some extent to control the salmon louse infestation like organophosphates: dichlorvos and azamethiphos; pyrethrine: pyrethrum, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin; an oxidizing agent: oxygen peroxide; three avermectins: ivermectin, EB, and doramectin; and two urea derivatives (benzoyl phenyl ureas): teflubenzuron and diflubenzuron [20]. But, apart from their (drugs) direct therapeutic effects, there might be some additional activities particularly related to immunomodulatory effect on fish host [21]. For example, levamisole has been widely tested in farmed fish with immune stimulating effects, such as enhanced circulating leukocytes, phagocytic, and serum lysozyme activity [22, 23]. Hence, in this study, EB was administered through feed to find out the possible impact on physiological health status of healthy fish (L. rohita) particularly on growth and immune-modulatory effect along with its (EB) level of accumulation or deposition in treated fish muscle tissue.

Growth of farmed fish is always a demanding factor for any aquaculture system, and to attain such demand, farmers or stakeholders are always looking forward to several growth supplements which could be used as regular or alternative way as a growth stimulator through feed. In this study, fish were separated as the treatment and control groups and fed with medicated (EB) and control feed for 21 days. Considering the results, the differences between weight gains were not found to be significant () and which is supporting the findings of Kilercioglu et al.[24] where rainbow trout was administered at 50 μg EB kg^-1 fish daily for 7, 14, and 21 days. After thorough investigation, we have come to end that no augmentation of growth in EB fed fish groups compared to control fish after 21 days of feeding which corroborate with earlier studies in rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon reported by few distinguished authors [20, 25]. In addition to it, Siavash et al. [26] also found that there was no mortality, or any difference in body weight and length between the controls and treated fish when rainbow trout was treated with another closely related drug i.e., ivermectin at 100 μg kg^-1 intraperitoneal (IP) injections. However, on the contrary, there is a report or a clinical evidence of toxicity of EB at a high dose of about 272 μg kg^-1 day^-1 in which 50% of fish exhibited dark coloration, and 1% showed lack of coordinated swimming behaviour [27]. In other studies, it also described similar signs of toxicity in fish treated with the higher dose of other drugs like avermectin and ivermectin [28, 29]. However, no such effects were noticed in the present study where EB was added in different level (1x-7.5x).

Additionally, in our study, fish appeared to have consumed the medicated feed within 15-30 minutes after it was served. Hence, EB leaching into the water and bounding to bottom organic materials would be negligible or undetectable level. In addition, our experiment was based on an indoor static module where water exchange is done at the rate of 20% daily. So, organic matter accumulation was not expected. But considering the pond condition, EB might get bind with any nontarget species or bottom organic materials as reported in case of teflubenzuron [30] but need further studies to provide constructive views on it. Moreover, EB is known by the commercial name of Slice® (Fa. Schering-Plough Animal Health, USA) which is approved in Norway and Scotland to combat sea lice infestation of Atlantic salmon with a specific withdrawal period and that active ingredient proved to be efficient in carp lice eradicating in Cyprinus carpio [31], in goldfish and koi carp with infestations of Argulus spp. [32], and in the control of Argulus coregoni in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss [33]. Further, Braun et al. [31] described dietary treatment with emamectin benzoate (Slice®) was tolerated well in all tested concentration levels and the fish displayed no abnormities in Cyprinus carpio which is in line with our findings.

Immunity acts as a vital element among all animal models including fish, and nonspecific immune parameters plays an important role to fight against wide range of opportunistic pathogens. In freshwater aquaculture farmed fish, majority of the infection is caused by multiple etiological agents or multifactorial in nature. In our present investigation, fish fed with minimum dose (1x and 2.5x dose) improved respiratory burst activity, myeloperoxidase activit,y and haemolysis. But lysozyme and bacterial haemagglutination remain unchanged as compared to the control group. Experimental fish fed with minimum dose (1x and 2.5x dose) of EB significantly improved respiratory burst activity, myeloperoxidase activity, bacterial haemagglutination, and haemolysis and lasted for 14 days and become normal after withdrawal of the same on the 35^th day. Host immune responses against any supplements might play according to the existing or surrounding water temperature, supplement dose, and route of administration of such component to the host which ultimately effects drug absorption, and for that reason findings of these studies are always species specific [34, 35] Furthermore, few studies have indicated that dietary levamisole (drug) could significantly enhance RBT activities in various fish species [36–38]. Likewise, in the present investigation, time course pattern showed that EB also induced elevation of RBT activity in the blood of fish peaked on 14 days of drug postexposure. It has also been reported that immunomodulatory properties of a certain drug significantly influenced by its dosage of inclusion in the fish diet [39]. Siavash et al. [26] also found that single dose of 50 μgkg^-1 intraperitoneal (IP) injections of ivermectin on immunological markers in juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss induced or elevated phagocytic index (Pi), RBT, along with other immunological parameters like immunoglobulin (Ig), and total plasma protein which are in line with our findings. Hence, it could be explained that EB has limited immunomodulatory effect in the fish but exclusively depends on the dose and route of administration as well as stage of the fish being used. So, it is determined that immune responses in the experiemental fish after fed with EB depend on the duration of administration, and the dose is given. Additionally, there are not many studies where nonspecific immune parameters of experimental fish have been studied to validate the findings in a more constructive manner, hence in the future while validate the pharmacokinetics or pharmacology study of such antiparasitic drugs the immune related paramters may be incorporated for better explanations.

Serum biochemical parameters mainly hepatic enzymes have been recognized as a valuable tool for monitoring the metabolic and physiological health status of fish after treatment with any chemicals or drugs or supplements [35, 40]. Likewise, in the present investigation, selected hepatic enzymes which deal with stress as well as biomarker for tissue damage have been evaluated in weekly intervals during the administration and also during the withdrawal of the same drug. In this study, enzyme activity mainly LDH and ALP was studied and found to be significantly high in the fish fed with μg kg^-1 of fish biomass per day for 21 days. In addition, ALP and LDH mean values were significantly higher ranges compared to the control and fish fed with 1x dose of EB. Therefore, it might be stated that a higher rate of inclusion of EB pose damage to the important organs like liver cells and ultimately the changes have marked in the serum. Furthermore, it is possible to assume that because of detoxification of EB continuously for 21 days, AST/ALP increased in blood/serum [24] which have been observed in our findings also. Similar phenomena regarding enzyme activities in serum have been reported in another antibiotic related study where OTC was fed with basal feed and found to be caused hepatic damages in L. rohita [35] and OTC-treated rat [41] to some extent which are in line with our present findings. So, it might be inferring that higher dose of EB has detrimental effect in the internal organs (changes in serum hepatic enzymes); hence, further studies with histopathological intervention should be carried out to make the constructive conclusion on it.

Administration of drugs or antibiotics beyond the recommended dose might lead to antimicrobial residues in the host [42] therefore to figure out safe dose and withdrawal period before administering any drug or antibiotics to the farmed food fishes is highly crucial. Sometimes, the presence of antimicrobial (antibiotics) residues in farmed food fishes may illustrate food safety risks [43]. The calculated elimination half-life from the muscle was found to be similar between the studies with 9.2 days as reported by Sevatdal and his team [44] compared to present results at 7 and 14 days. Skilbrei et al. [45] reported zero or close to zero concentration of EB in Altanic salmon after 63 days of treatment. An adequate margin of safety was revealed in our study at the proposed therapeutic regimen of 50 μg kg^-1BW^-1 after 14 days withdrawal period. Our study matched with Ananda Raja et al. [14] while studying EB with 10 times the therapeutic dose on Lates calcarifer. Interestingly, OTC [46] and EMB [44] have relatively longer half-life compared to florfenicol [47]. This fact sufficiently explain that during the treatment period faster accumulation of drug happens rather than its elimination. Furthermore, the antiparasitic drugs have a longer half-life period such as EB and are ideal as it offers protection for an extended period, post-treatment, and provide protection during planktonic stages which continue to infect fish even after elimination of the adult crustacean parasites. Disadvantages of using such drug is that it persists for an extended period within the fish at levels below the therapeutic range. This could increase the selection pressure for antimicrobial resistance [48]. In the European Union, the maximum residue limit (MRL) of emamectin in the edible tissue of farmed salmonids has been established which is 100 μg kg^-1 emamectin B1a [49]. Sevatdal et al. [44] also found that multiple administration of 50 μg kg^-1 of EB for seven consecutive days has marked a mean concentration of μg kg^-1 in the muscle on the last day whilst Skilbrei et al. [45] achieved mean concentrations from 49.4 to 51.9 μg kg^-1 in three medicated groups of salmon after 7 days post-termination of medication (350 μg kg^-1 total dosage). So, in this regard, our finding shows that the accumulation in edible muscle tissue is much lower; it might be because we have taken only muscle (no skin part) while studying the EB residue [44]. Further, waning of drug concentrations was steeper than what is reported in salmonids [29, 50, 51] and might be likely due to the study was conducted in warm water (~30°C) as EB residue depletion proceeded more quickly at the higher water temperature [52]. To date, in India, there is no standard or fixed withdrawal period for EB which must be maintained in the aquaculture pond or tank after treating with such antiparasitic drug specifically for the food fishes (carp fishes), so the lowest dose (1x) which has no detrimental or negative impact on immunity and important serum enzyme activities in the treated fish (L. rohita) may be assumed as a safe dose to carry out the treatment along with 14 days of withdrawal period. Moreover, in this study, 14 days of withdrawal period also resembles that the fish fed with 1x dose (50 μg kg^-1 of fish biomass day^-1) has completely discharged the EB from the muscle tissue and final retention of EB was found to be very negligible amount ( ppb). Hence, further studies may be carried out in the same line along with histopathological investigation and microbiome of treated fish to establish the standard withdrawal period for approved antiparasitic drugs.

5. Conclusion

The antiparasitic drug EB has no harmful effects to rohu, L. rohita juveniles while administered at 50 μg kg^-1 of fish biomass day^-1 (1x dose) through the feed. However, higher doses (~2.5x dose) of EB fed fish showed significant changes in the important enzyme activities which remain unchanged even after 14 days of withdrawal period. Henceforth, 1x concentration of EB may be assured to treat the fish against the infection through feed with 14 days of withdrawal period to minimize the EB residue in muscle (edible) tissue.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Ethical Approval

All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines were followed (Institutional Animal Ethics Committee and PME of ICAR-CIFA approval has been taken) for sampling, maintenance, handling, and sacrificing of the fish during experiments.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Authors’ Contributions

Pushpa Chaudhary did the investigation and writing of the original draft manuscript. Priyabrat Swain did the review of final manuscript and supervision. Rakesh Das did the review and editing of the original draft manuscript constructively, data validation, result interpretations and significantly contributed to the submission of reviewers' queries. Satya Narayan Sahoo did the investigation, formal analysis, and result interpretations. Sudhansu Sekhar Mishra did the visualization, resource acquisition, and supervision. Krushna Chandra Das did the feed preparation and feed data analysis. Prasanna Kumar Patil did the overall supervision. All the authors reviewed the manuscript and given consent for submission. Priyabrat Swain and Sudhansu Sekhar Mishra share senior authorship.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express sincere thanks to the Director, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, for providing the necessary facilities to carry out the investigation. The authors remain thankful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, for providing financial support in the form of ICAR-Network project entitled ‘All India Network project on Fish Health’ (project code: 1007126). Support of Mr. Dillip Kumar Behera, Mr. Dillip Kumar Ojha, and Mr. Biswabhusan Pradhan, Technical Assistants, in sampling is duly acknowledged. The authors are also thankful to ICAR-CIFT, Kochi for rendering all kind of guidance and facility to carry out the LC-MS/MS study and analysis.

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