Aquaculture Nutrition

Research Article

Assessment of Safety, Effects, and Muscle-Specific Accumulation of Dietary Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) in Paralichthys olivaceus

Table 1

Ingredient composition of the experimental diets (g kg^-1 of as-is basis).


Ingredients	Diet no. (analyzed BHT level, mg kg^-1 diet)¹
Ingredients	BHT₀	BHT₁₁	BHT₁₉	BHT₃₅	BHT₈₅	BHT₁₂₁

BHT-free fishmeal²	70.00	70.00	70.00	70.00	70.00	70.00
Soybean meal	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00
Tapioca starch	8.000	7.999	7.998	7.996	7.992	7.984
Wheat flour	3.30	3.30	3.30	3.30	3.30	3.30
Fish oil²	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00
Lecithin	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
Betaine	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
Taurine	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
Mineral mixture³	1.50	1.50	1.50	1.50	1.50	1.50
Vitamin mixture⁴	1.20	1.20	1.20	1.20	1.20	1.20
Choline	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
BHT⁵	0	0.001	0.002	0.004	0.008	0.016
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Analyzed nutrient compositions (as-is basis)
Moisture (%)	2.55	2.50	2.36	2.89	2.30	2.13
Crude protein (%)	48.30	48.59	48.69	47.73	48.18	48.35
Crude lipid (%)	12.05	12.24	11.96	12.02	11.70	11.72
Crude ash (%)	17.33	17.12	16.96	17.54	17.63	17.47
Gross energy (cal/g)	4584	4554	4599	4500	4542	4520
BHT (ppm)	0.00	11.33	19.19	35.14	84.96	121.01

¹BHT was added in increments of 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg BHT/kg diet (analyzed levels: BHT₀, BHT₁₁, BHT₁₉, BHT₃₅, BHT₈₅, and BHT₁₂₁, respectively). ²Suhyup Feed Co., Uiryeong, Republic of Korea. ³The mineral premix contained the following amounts diluted in cellulose (g/kg premix): NaCl, 30.3; MgSO₄-7H₂O, 95.6; NaH₂PO₄-2H₂O, 60.8; KH₂PO₄, 167.3; CaH₄(PO₄)₂-H₂O, 94.7; ferric citrate, 20.7; ZnSO₄-7H₂O, 15.3; Ca-lactate, 212.8; CuCl, 0.14; AlCl₃-6H₂O, 0.105; KI, 0.105; Na₂Se₂O₃, 0.01; MnSO₄-H₂O, 1.4; and CoCl₂-6H₂O, 0.7. ⁴The vitamin premix contained the following amounts diluted in cellulose (g/kg premix): L-ascorbic acid, 171.1; myo-inositol, 181.8; DL-a-tocopheryl acetate, 18.9; niacin, 36.4; p-aminobenzoic acid, 18.2; Ca-D-pantothenate, 12.7; riboflavin, 9.1; thiamin hydrochloride, 2.7; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 1.8; menadione, 1.8; retinyl acetate, 0.73; folic acid, 0.68; D-biotin, 0.27; and cholecalciferol, 0.003. ⁵Butylated hydroxytoluene (CAS No. 128-37-0, Product No. PHR1117), Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis MO, USA.