Dietary Fish Meal Level and a Package of Choline, β-Glucan, and Nucleotides Modulate Gut Function, Microbiota, and Health in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L.)
Table 1
(a) Ingredient and nutrient composition of the diets†
Diets
FM0
FM6
FM11
FM17
FM23
FM29
FM34
FM40
Ingredients (g kg-1)
Fishmeal LT (low temperature dried)
0
29
57
86
114
143
171
200
Fishmeal SA Superprime (Vidas)
0
29
57
86
114
143
171
200
Krill 56%††
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Soy protein concentrate (>62)
230
214
199
183
167
151
136
120
Sunflower meal, low fibre
25
24
22
21
19
18
16
15
Wheat gluten
152
137
123
108
94
79
65
50
Maize gluten 60
62
55
49
42
35
28
22
15
Pea protein concentrate 65
80
71
61
52
43
34
24
15
Wheat
100
101
103
104
105
106
108
109
Horse beans, dehulled
30
28
26
24
21
19
17
15
Fish oil
111
105
98
92
85
79
73
66
Rapeseed oil
128
132
136
139
143
147
151
155
Vitamin and mineral mix
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Ca (H2PO4)2
30.4
26.1
21.8
17.4
13.01
8.7
4.4
0
Amino acids to equal levels
24
20.6
17.2
13.8
10.4
7
3.7
0.3
Yttrium oxide
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Estimated nutrient content
Digestible energy (MJ kg-1)
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
Crude protein (g kg-1)
423
425
427
429
432
434
436
438
Digestible protein (g kg-1)
385
385
385
385
385
385
385
385
Crude fat (g kg-1)
265
265
265
265
266
266
266
266
Ash (g kg-1)
59
63
68
72
76
80
84
89
EPA + DHA (g kg-1)
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
Analysed content
Gross energy (MJ kg-1)
237
237
235
236
236
233
233
234
Crude protein (g kg-1)
413
413
422
418
430
432
434
446
Lipid (g kg-1)
298
289
292
297
296
289
291
289
Choline (diet 1-8) (mg kg-1)
1050
1120
1240
1380
1530
1870
1770
2110
Choline (diet 9-16) (mg kg-1)
2260
2410
2630
2750
3040
3100
3260
3470
† Two batches of the diets were produced on without and one supplemented with 3 g/kg choline chloride, 0.5 g/kg Macrogard‡, and 0.5 g/kg nucleotides§. †† Supplied by Aker Biomarine, ‡ Produced by Biorigin. § Produced by Lallemand.
(b) Level of amino acids in the diets with the lowest and the highest FM level, g/kg dry matter
Amino acid
FM0
FM40
Met+Cys
11.1
11.4
Lys
24.3
28.1
Val
11.6
14.6
Ile
14.0
16.6
Leu
26.1
28.6
Phe
15.8
15.9
His
10.4
10.6
Arg
19.8
23.1
Thr
13.1
15.2
Try
3.5
4.4
Asp
24.5
30.9
Ser
15.2
15.2
Glu
80.6
64.6
Pro
23.5
18.9
Gly
10.7
17.0
Ala
12.2
19.1
Tyr
7.6
11.0
(c) Content of main fatty acids in the low and high fishmeal diets, % of lipid†
FM0
FM40
C 14 : 0
3.3
2.5
C 16 : 0
11.1
10.0
C 16 : 1 -9
3.6
2.8
C 18 : 0
3.2
3.1
C 18 : 1 -9
34.0
38.4
C 18 : 1 -7
2.8
2.8
C 18 : 2 -6
13.7
13.6
C 18 : 3 -3
5.6
6.2
C 20 : 0
0.6
0.6
C 20 : 1 -11
1.1
0.9
C 20 : 1 -9
1.1
1.2
C 20 : 3 -3
0.4
0.3
C 22 : 0
0.9
1.0
C 20 : 5 -3
7.1
5.2
C 22 : 5 -3
0.9
0.6
C 22 : 6 -3
4.8
5.0
Sum fatty acids
99.2
99.8
Sum EPA/DHA
11.9
10.2
Sum -3
19.1
17.6
Sum -6
14.5
14.2
Sum -0
19.8
17.8
†Content of fatty acids in the corresponding diets with Suppl was very similar to the diets without.
