Dietary Fish Meal Level and a Package of Choline, β-Glucan, and Nucleotides Modulate Gut Function, Microbiota, and Health in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L.)

Table 8

Relationship between dietary FM levels, diet supplementation, and plasma biomarkers observed by targeted metabolome assays directed towards the estimation of the level of metabolites involved in the metabolism of choline and related B-vitamins^†.

	Choline	Folate	Betaine	DMGly	Tryptophan	XantAcid	KynAcid	Creatinin
FM level
Reg. Coeff (SE)	0.02 (0.002)	-3.40 (0.30)	0.53 (0.17)	0.03 (0.01)	0.10 (0.09)	-0.05 (0.01)	0.00 (0.00)	1.47 (0.18)
value	<0.001	<0.001	0.003	0.03	0.23	<0.001	0.52	<0.001
Suppl
Reg. Coeff (SE)	0.90 (0.08)	-94.50 (10.02)	36.60 (5.81)	1.67 (0.45)	-0.31 (2.95)	1.13 (0.39)	-0.008 (0.004)	2.88 (6.22)
value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.91	0.005	0.04	0.64
FM levelSuppl
Reg. Coeff (SE)	-0.02 (0.003)	2.25 (0.42)	0.33 (0.24)	0.03 (0.02)	-0.004 (0.12)	-0.02 (0.02)	0.00 (0.00)	-0.26 (0.26)
value	<0.001	<0.001	0.17	0.11	0.97	0.24	0.95	0.32
	0.77	0.79	0.70	0.65	0.04	0.51	0.22	0.64

† See explanation regarding statistics in Table 2. Results for biomarkers which by visual inspection of the results indicated clear effects of FMlevel and/or supplementation or which are of particular relevance for the discussion of the results are shown. Choline: total choline, DMgly: Dimethyl glycine, XantAcid: Xanthurenic acid, Kyn Acid: kynurenic acid.