High Levels of Vitamin A in Plant-Based Diets for Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Juveniles, Effects on Growth, Skeletal Anomalies, Bone Molecular Markers, and Histological Morphology

Table 1

Ingredients and analyzed vitamin A content of the diets supplemented with retinyl acetate fed to gilthead seabream for 70 days.

Ingredient						g/kg
Corn gluten^a						150
Wheat gluten^b						217.3
Soya bean concentrate^b						230
Faba beans^b						50
Fish meal, Scandinavian^c						100
Wheat^b						116.0
Rapeseed oil^b						31.1
Linseed oil^d						8.2
Fish oil, South American^b						60
Palm oil^e						16.3
Premixes^f						21.1
Analyzed content	VA24	VA26	VA27	VA31	VA37
Vitamin A (IU/kg)	24,000	26,000	27,000	31,000	37,000
Vitamin A (mg/kg)	7.2	7.8	8.1	9.3	11.1

Proximal compostion (fresh weight) (%): lipids: 17.7, proteins: 50.9, ashes: 4.0. ^aCargill B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ^bSkretting, Stavanger, Norway. ^cNorsildmel, Bergen, Norway. ^dLinagro, Lichtervelde, Belgium. ^eAAK AB, Karlshamn, Sweden. ^fTrouw Nutrition, Boxmeer, The Netherlands. Proprietary composition Skretting ARC, vitamin, and mineral supplementation as estimated to cover all known requirements for this species [4] except for vitamin A that was added separately. Micronutrient premix, inositol, monocalcium phosphate, l-lysine, Dl-methionine, minerals, and other vitamins.