Evaluation of Growth and Health Performance of Juvenile Tilapia <i>Oreochromis</i> sp. Fed with Various Supplementation of Heat-Killed <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i>

Ekasari, Julie; Mirza, Vini Nur; Fauzi, Ichsan Achmad; Hashimoto, Kyohei; Suprayudi, Muhammad Agus

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8860364

Aquaculture Nutrition

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2023 | Article ID 8860364 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8860364

Evaluation of Growth and Health Performance of Juvenile Tilapia Oreochromis sp. Fed with Various Supplementation of Heat-Killed Lactobacillus plantarum

Julie Ekasari,¹Vini Nur Mirza,¹Ichsan Achmad Fauzi,¹Kyohei Hashimoto,²and Muhammad Agus Suprayudi¹

Academic Editor: Yanjiao Zhang

Received14 Dec 2022

Revised09 Jul 2023

Accepted13 Jul 2023

Published22 Aug 2023

Abstract

Thus, this research was conducted to evaluate the supplementation of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum at higher dosages and investigate the effect of heat-killed L. plantarum supplementation on the challenges of Streptococcus agalactiae. A feeding trial was conducted for 90 (initial average body weight of 12.52–12.69 g) days, while a disease challenge was conducted for 17 days. Dietary treatments were formulated to have a ranging level of heat-killed L. plantarum L-137: (1) control treatment without heat-killed L. plantarum, (2) diet containing 10 mg/kg heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 preparation (LP20, which contains 20% heat-killed L. plantarum L-137), (3) diet containing 20 mg/kg LP20, (4) diet containing 100 mg/kg LP20, and (5) diet containing 250 mg/kg LP20. All the diets were formulated to have equal values of protein and energy. Dietary supplementation of heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 improved tilapia growth performance and higher robustness against S. agalactiae infection. Therefore, a 10–20 mg/kg LP20 feed supplementation level is recommended to support the tilapia growth. In addition, an LP20 dietary supplementation level of 250 mg/kg feed is recommended for higher protection against S. agalactiae.

1. Introduction

Within the next decade, aquaculture will be more critical in fulfilling the increasing demand for fish and aquatic commodities, especially since the capture fisheries sector stagnates due to its maximum production yield [1]. Aquaculture commodities like tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) are considered essential aquaculture products that can provide high protein for human consumption at a relatively lower price. Based on data from The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture [1], tilapia is considered one of the top three finfish commodities, with a total production in 2020 of more than 4.4 million tons and with a percentage share of around 9% of the total finfish production in the world. This commodity is also considered one of the most versatile fish. It can live in various environments and is considered one of the more sustainable aquaculture commodities [2].

One obstacle that hinders the global production of tilapia is bacterial diseases such as streptococcosis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae considered the most common bacterial disease that causes significant loss to the tilapia industry [3]. A report from the study by Sun et al. [4] stated that S. agalactiae infection caused high-cumulative mortality in tilapia farms, consequently leading to the economic loss. Furthermore, streptococcosis commonly presents in intensive tilapia culture systems since the prevalence of this disease will increase in the case of low-dissolved oxygen and high-ammonia level [3]. Therefore, one solution that can be conducted to overcome the streptococcosis problem in tilapia is using functional ingredients that can increase the health status of the fish.

One functional ingredient that has been proven beneficial for various fish performance when supplementing through the feed is probiotics. The application of probiotics in the aquaculture field has been used and evaluated extensively. The effect of probiotics on growth performance has been evaluated by the multiple researchers [5–10]. Of many potential species candidates for probiotics, Lactobacillus plantarum had already demonstrated positive effects in the studies conducted on various fish. For example, a study was conducted on rohu fish (Labeo rohita) [11], orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) [12], and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) [13] had shown improvement on growth and immune parameters when L. plantarum mixture was added to the diet at a different dosage. However, special considerations are required when adding live bacteria into the commercial pelleted diet since exposure to high temperatures, primarily when the diet is produced with the extrusion process, may kill probiotic bacteria due to the heat [14].

Another use of L. plantarum is through a heat-treated method to form paraprobiotic. Paraprobiotic is the term proposed to describe using cell components of probiotics by using inactivated probiotics that can confer health benefits to the host [15]. The use of L. plantarum paraprobiotic has been evaluated before in several species such as snakehead fish, Channa striata [16], amberjack, Seriola dumerili [17], red sea bream, Pagrus major [18], and kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus [19, 20]. In the case of Nile tilapia, previous research reported has already reported the efficacy of heat-killed L. plantarum on the growth performance and immune status at 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively [21]. However, the efficacy of heat-killed L. plantarum at lower than 10 mg/kg are not evaluated yet. Thus, this research was conducted to evaluate the supplementation of heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 at a lower supplementation dosage and investigate the effect of heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 supplementation on the challenges of S. agalactiae.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Rearing Condition

This study was conducted in two phases: a feeding trial for 90 days and a disease challenge for 17 days using S. agalactiae at the end of the feeding trial. Juvenile tilapia in this trial were acquired from the Aquaculture Research and Teaching Facility, Department of Aquaculture, IPB University. The experimental procedures in this study have complied with the ethical guidelines from the Animal Care and Use Committee of IPB University, Indonesia. Tilapia was first acclimated for 14 days in the rearing facility. During this period, the juvenile tilapia were fed using commercial diets with 28.1% and 7.2% crude protein and fat content.

Meanwhile, the diet used during the feeding trial was a formulated diet that included intact protein such as fish meal, poultry byproduct meal, meat bone meal, and soybean meal. The diet’s dietary formulation and nutrient analysis can be seen in Table 1. The average size of the tilapia at initial stocking was 12.61 with a standard deviation of ± 0.18 g, distributed randomly to each tank at a density of 20 fish per tank. Tilapia was first acclimated for 14 days in the rearing facility. At this period, the juvenile tilapia were fed using commercial diets Hi-PRO-Vite 788 (CP Prima, Jakarta, Indonesia) with 28.1% crude protein content and 7.2% crude fat content. The tanks used in this research were rectangular glass aquariums with a total working volume capacity of 200 L. All the aquariums were equipped with a top filter to remove organic particles from the water and a thermostat to maintain water temperature for optimum growth. During the feeding trial, water quality was maintained by water exchanges once every 3 days or when necessary. Water temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) were monitored daily in the morning before and in the afternoon before feeding using a thermometer, portable pH meter, and DO meter, respectively. Nitrite concentrations were measured once every 3 days, while total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrate were measured every two weeks. Measurement of TAN, nitrite, and nitrate was conducted in accordance with Eaton et al. [23]. All the water quality measurements can be found in the Supplementary Table S1.

2.2. Dietary Treatment and Feeding Management

Dietary treatments were formulated to have a ranging level of LP20 (House Wellness Food Corporation, Hyogo, Japan) which contains 20% heat-killed L. plantarum L-137: (1) control treatment without LP20, (2) diet containing 10 mg/kg heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 which contain 2 mg/kg heat-killed L. plantarum, (3) diet containing 20 mg/kg LP20 which contain 4 mg/kg L. plantarum, (4) diet containing 100 mg/kg LP20 which contain 20 mg/kg L. plantarum, and (5) diet containing 250 mg/kg LP20 which contain 50 mg/kg L. plantarum. Each treatment was conducted in four replicates of tanks. All the diets were formulated to have an equal value of protein and energy and consist of an intact protein source such as fish meal, poultry byproduct meal, meat and bone meal, and soybean meal. The complete formulation of all the diets can be seen in Table 1. Diets were developed at Aquaculture Research and Teaching Facility’s Feed mill, IPB University. Diets were developed by mixing all the ingredients while adding water using an industrial mixer until the dough was homogenous and could be shaped into a pelleted form (diameter of 3 mm) using a pellet machine. Afterward, the pellet was dried overnight using an oven with a temperature of 50°C. The diets were then stored in a cool and dry place using the plastic containers. The nutritional value of the diets was then confirmed through proximate analysis according to methods by AOAC Int [24]. During this trial, feeding was conducted three times a day. The feed was given to each tank until the fish’s apparent satiation. Feeding was slowed down when feeding responses from the fish were declining to ensure all the feed was eaten by the fish and avoid an accumulation of uneaten feed at the bottom of the tanks.

2.3. Sampling

The fish’s biomass and survival were monitored every 2 weeks by weighing all the fish and counting the number of fish left in every tank. The amount of feed given to each aquarium was also recorded to evaluate the total feed intake and feed conversion rate. At the end of the trial, intestines were also collected from one fish per tank and transferred into a neutral buffered formalin before being processed for histological analysis.

The average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and fish survival were calculated given below formula: average daily weight gain (DWG): (final average fish weight-initial average fish weight)/days of the feeding trial, feed conversion ratio (FCR): total weight of feed given (kg)/(final biomass (kg) + biomass of dead fish−initial biomass), survival: the number of the fish at the end of feeding trial/the number of the fish at initial feeding trial × 100%.

2.4. Observed Parameters

2.4.1. Blood Collection and Challenge Test

A challenge test using S. agalactiae was performed after the growth experiment followed by another hematological parameter observation. The measurement of hematological parameters was conducted following the procedures described by Suprayudi et al. [25]. Blood samples were taken from the caudal arch of anesthetized fish (150 mg/L tricaine methane sulfate) using a 25-gauge needle and a 3 mL heparinized syringe. Blood analyses were done following Blaxhall and Daisley [26].

Before the challenge test, a preliminary experiment was conducted to determine the LD50 (1 × 10⁶ CFU/mL) of S. agalactiae. For the challenge test, ten healthy fish were selected from each replicate tank and transferred into another tank. The fish were anesthetized and intramuscularly injected with 1 mL of the bacteria suspension (1 × 10⁶ CFU/mL). As a negative control, 10 healthy fish were collected from the control treatment and injected with 1 mL of PBS. The challenge test was performed for 17 days, and blood samples were collected to measure the blood parameters.

2.4.2. Intestine Histology

After 90 days of fish rearing and 14 hr of fasting, the proximal part of the intestines was collected and transferred to a 10% neutral buffered formalin. The histological analysis was conducted using the hematoxylin–eosin staining method, and morphometrics of the intestine was observed under a microscope to measure the mucosal fold height and mucosal fold’s surface area. Mucosal fold measurements were conducted using ImageJ software (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, USA).

2.4.3. Statistical Analysis

Fish growth performance parameters, intestinal histomorphometry, and hematological parameters were analyzed using one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Duncan post hoc test. Data normality and homogeneity were assessed before ANOVA analysis using the Shapiro–Wilk normality test and Bartlett test. The survival data were arcsine transformed, and postchallenged survival data were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, San Diego, USA).

3. Results

3.1. Growth Performance

Growth performance parameters (average daily gain, specific growth rate, final total length, and length gain) indicate a significantly higher value in treatments supplemented with LP20 than in control treatment (Table 2) and significant differences were only found at 90 days sampling period (Figure 1). No significant differences were found in the case of survival among all treatments.

While the control group demonstrated a higher feed conversion ratio and lower protein efficiency ratio, no significant differences were found among all treatments in the case of feed and protein utilization. No significant differences were found among treatments on the protein and lipid retention parameters, however, feed intake parameters in both total fish intake and average feed intake demonstrate significantly higher value on treatments with supplementations of LP20 compared to the control treatment (Table 2).

In the case of fish biochemical indices (Table 3), significant differences were found in the whole-body moisture and crude protein content. In whole-body moisture, the lowest value was found in the treatment with 20 mg/kg LP20, and it was significantly different from the control treatment, with 10 and 100 mg/kg LP20. In the case of protein, higher protein values were found in the treatment with 20 mg/kg LP20, which was significantly different compared to 10 mg/kg LP20 and the control treatment.

In the mucosal fold histomorphology (Table 4), significant differences in height were observed after 90 days of sampling. In contrast, there were significant differences between treatments with 10 and 250 mg/kg LP20, although no differences were found in other treatments.

At 7 days postchallenge (Table 5), a higher than positive control group was found in the white blood count of treatment with 100 and 250 mg/kg LP20 treatment, while a lower value of the red blood cell was found in the tilapia fed with 10 and 20 mg/kg LP20 compared only to the negative control. Moreover, in the postchallenged survival, a statistically higher value was found on treatment with 250 mg/kg LP20 compared to treatment with 0 (control), 20, and 100 mg/kg of LP20 at 17 days postinjection (Figure 2).

4. Discussion

Compared to the study by Van Nguyen et al. [21], this research demonstrated that lower supplementation of LP20 (at least 10 mg/kg) could increase the growth performance of juvenile tilapia. However, higher supplementation up to 250 mg/kg did not improve growth performance compared to 10 mg/kg. This finding is also in line with research conducted by Hien et al. [27] on bighead catfish (Clarias macrocephalus), which demonstrated a higher specific growth rate when fed with dietary supplementation of 10 mg/kg LP20 and no further performance increase when supplementation levels are increased up until 50 mg/kg of LP20. While there are differences in growth performance, there are no differences in the feed conversion ratio among all the treatments. The effect of dietary inclusion of heat-killed L. plantarum is varied since other studies found confounding results on the feed conversion rate when this paraprobiotic was added. In the research conducted by Dawood et al. [17] in amberjack (Seriola dumerili) and Van Nguyen et al. [21] in tilapia, the dietary addition of heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 did not affect the feed conversion rate. Meanwhile, other studies on snakehead, Channa striata [16], red sea bream, and Pagrus major [17] demonstrate better conversion rates when heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 is added to the diet.

Better growth performance in treatments on supplementation of heat-killed L. plantarum and a similar level of feed conversion ratio among all the treatments in this research might be related to a significant difference in feed intake of treatments with supplementation of heat-killed L. plantarum. Therefore, it is possible that supplementation of the ingredients can affect the palatability of the diet thus improving feed intake especially since the diet that was formulated in this trial was using a low-fish meal and high plant-based ingredients. A higher feed intake in the case of supplementation dietary with heat-killed L. plantarum was also found in other studies, in the study conducted by Van Nguyen et al. [21] and Hien et al. [27] demonstrate a higher feed intake when tilapia was fed with 4 mg/kg of heat-killed and 20 mg/kg of heat L. plantarum, respectively.

One possible quantitative parameter that can measure changes in the intestinal morphometric is mucosal fold length and mucosal fold surface area. Previous research has concluded that the increased gut morphometric value in the fish fed with supplementation of heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 is related to increased absorptivity and can consequently result in increased nutrient utilization [28]. In this research, although the average value of mucosal folds surface area on treatment heat-killed L. plantarum was higher, significant differences were only found in treatment with 20 mg/kg of LP20 compared to the control treatment. Thus, it is possible that the difference in mucosal fold histometric is one of the factors that contribute to better growth performance in this study. Aside from changes in mucosal fold histometric, the dietary inclusion of heat-killed L. plantarum can also affect the diversity of gut microbiota, as shown in research by Wu et al. [29]. While the changes in gut microbes were not evaluated in this study, it is possible that gut microbiota composition also contributes to the growth difference among those treatments.

Our research demonstrated that after being challenged with S. agalactiae, the leucocytes of treatments with 100 and 250 mg/kg LP20 were significantly higher than the positive control. The higher level of leucocyte, along with better survival upon challenge with S. agalactiae, demonstrates the capability of LP20 to improve immune function when supplemented at a higher dosage. Previous research on snakehead fish demonstrated higher immunocompetence and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila when the fish was fed with dietary supplementation of heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 [16]. Interestingly, in the same research, a lower dosage of heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 at 2 mg/kg (10 mg/kg LP20) is enough to improve the immune performance of snakeheads. However, whether the dosage difference found in the snakehead and tilapia was due to differences in rearing conditions or related to different species is still unclear.

Upon being challenged with S. agalactiae, survival analysis indicates better resistance on treatment that was fed with 250 mg/kg LP20 compared to the positive control. The beneficial effect of dietary heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 is in line with other research conducted on tilapia [21], red sea bream [18], and snakehead [16]. While research on various species demonstrates improvement in resistance upon challenge test, the optimum dosages for immune and disease resistance differed from previous research. In the study conducted on the sea bream [18], a dosage of 10 mg/kg of LP20 is enough to demonstrate a longer time to reach 50% cumulative mortality. Thus, increasing the dosage up to 1,000 mg/kg further improves the time required to achieve 50% cumulative mortality. In the research conducted on snakehead [16], fish that was fed with 2 mg/kg heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 (10 mg/kg LP20) demonstrated better performance compared to the other treatments, meanwhile increasing the dietary dosage of heat-killed L. plantarum L-137only increase the cumulative mortality even though the number is still significantly lower compared to positive control that was fed with control diet without the addition of heat-killed L. plantarum L-137. Furthermore, in the previous research on tilapia [21], better resistance to S. agalaticeae can be found only at treatment with dietary supplementation of heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 at 20 mg/kg, increasing the dosage until 50 mg/kg did not produce better survival compared to the treatment diet. The highest dosage that they use is 50 mg/kg of heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 while our research indicates that supplementation at around 250 mg/kg LP20 (50 mg/kg heat-killed L. plantarum L-137) can improve tilapia’s survivability upon challenged with S. agalactiae. It is possible, the different dosages that can improve tilapia’s survivability can be affected by different rearing systems, Van Nguyen et al. [21] study was using a flow-through system while ours only used a top filter with occasional water exchange periodically, thus the water quality especially in the case of ammonia and nitrite in the rearing system may affect efficacy of the para-probiotic product. Therefore, the effect of water quality on the efficacy of heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 should be further elaborated in another study.

While this research has shown that the optimum dosage of heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 can be varied according to the effect on the growth performance or enhancement of the immune system, supplementation of inactive L. plantarum L-137 in the form of paraprobiotic can also be as efficient as supplementation of L. plantarum L-137 in the form of probiotic. Research in the utilization of L. plantarum as a probiotic by Giri et al. [11] on the rohu (Labeo rohita) and Son et al. [12] on the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) demonstrate similar growth and immune performance compared to the use of heat-killed L. plantarum. Furthermore, heat-killed L. plantarum is more straightforward to store and handle than the live probiotic form.

In conclusion, Dietary supplementation of heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 resulted in improvements in tilapia growth performance and higher robustness against S. agalactiae infection. Therefore, a supplementation level of 10–20 mg/kg LP20 feed is recommended to support the growth of tilapia. In addition, an LP20 dietary supplementation level of 250 mg/kg feed is recommended for higher protection against S. agalactiae.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

Kyohei Hashimoto is employed by House Wellness Food Cooperation, Japan.

Acknowledgments

The authors (Julie Ekasari, Ichsan Achmad Fauzi, and Muhammad Agus Suprayudi) would like to express the gratitude to House Wellness Food Cooperation, Japan for financial support including article processing charges of this research. This paper and research would not have been possible without the support from the staff at the Laboratory of Nutrition and Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health, Department of Aquaculture, IPB University.

Supplementary Materials

Table S1: The range of water quality parameters (mean ± standard deviation) of tilapia fed with different supplementation levels of LP20. (Supplementary Materials)

References

FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, vol. 2022, FAO, 2022.
G. H. Yue, H. R. Lin, and J. L. Li, “Tilapia is the fish for next-generation aquaculture,” International Journal of Marine Science and Ocean Technology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 11–13, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Liu, J. Zhu, K. Chen et al., “Development of Streptococcus agalactiae vaccines for tilapia,” Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, vol. 122, no. 2, pp. 163–170, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Sun, W. Fang, B. Ke et al., “Inapparent Streptococcus agalactiae infection in adult/commercial tilapia,” Scientific Reports, vol. 6, Article ID 26319, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. K. Allameh, V. Noaman, and R. Nahavandi, “Effects of probiotic bacteria on fish performance,” Advanced Techniques in Clinical Microbiology, vol. 1, no. 2, Article ID 11, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
J. L. Balcázar, I. de Blas, I. Ruiz-Zarzuela, D. Cunningham, D. Vendrell, and J. L. Múzquiz, “The role of probiotics in aquaculture,” Veterinary Microbiology, vol. 114, no. 3-4, pp. 173–186, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
AOAC, Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 2006, Gaithersburg, MD.
M. Lara-Flores, “The use of probiotic in aquaculture: an overview,” International Journal of Microbiology Research, vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 471–478, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
C. C. Lazado and C. M. A. Caipang, “Mucosal immunity and probiotics in fish,” Fish & Shellfish Immunology, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 78–89, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. K. Nayak, “Probiotics and immunity: a fish perspective,” Fish & Shellfish Immunology, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 2–14, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. S. Giri, V. Sukumaran, and M. Oviya, “Potential probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum VSG3 improves the growth, immunity, and disease resistance of tropical freshwater fish, Labeo rohita,” Fish & Shellfish Immunology, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 660–666, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. M. Son, C.-C. Chang, M.-C. Wu, Y.-K. Guu, C.-H. Chiu, and W. Cheng, “Dietary administration of the probiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum, enhanced the growth, innate immune responses, and disease resistance of the grouper Epinephelus coioides,” Fish & Shellfish Immunology, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 691–698, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. M. Hamdan, A. F. M. El-Sayed, and M. M. Mahmoud, “Effects of a novel marine probiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum AH 78, on growth performance and immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus),” Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol. 120, no. 4, pp. 1061–1073, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K.-M. Niu, D. Kothari, W.-D. Lee et al., “Probiotic potential of the farmed olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, autochthonous gut microbiota,” Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, vol. 13, pp. 1106–1118, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Teame, A. Wang, M. Xie et al., “Paraprobiotics and postbiotics of probiotic Lactobacilli, their positive effects on the host and action mechanisms: a review,” Frontiers in Nutrition, vol. 7, Article ID 570344, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. T. T. Hien, T. L. C. Tu, S. H. Carris, S. Onoda, T. N. Tuan, and P. M. Duc, “Dietary supplementation with heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 improves growth, immune response, and disease resistance of snakehead (Channa striata),” AACL Bioflux, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 2229–2240, 2021.
View at: Google Scholar
M. A. O. Dawood, S. Koshio, M. Ishikawa, and S. Yokoyama, “Effects of partial substitution of fish meal by soybean meal with or without heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum (LP20) on growth performance, digestibility, and immune response of amberjack, Seriola dumerili juveniles,” BioMed Research International, vol. 2015, Article ID 514196, 11 pages, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. O. Dawood, S. Koshio, M. Ishikawa, and S. Yokoyama, “Effects of heat killed Lactobacillus plantarum (LP20) supplemental diets on growth performance, stress resistance and immune response of red sea bream, Pagrus major,” Aquaculture, vol. 442, pp. 29–36, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. T. Tung, S. Koshio, R. F. Traifalgar, M. Ishikawa, and S. Yokoyama, “Effects of dietary heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum on larval and post-larval kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus Bate,” Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, vol. 41, no. S1, pp. 16–27, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. T. Tung, S. Koshio, S.-I. Teshima et al., “Effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum supplemental diets on growth performance, stress resistance and immune response of juvenile kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus Bate,” Aquaculture Science, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 175–184, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Van Nguyen, S. Onoda, T. Van Khanh et al., “Evaluation of dietary heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum strain L-137 supplementation on growth performance, immunity and stress resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus),” Aquaculture, vol. 498, pp. 371–379, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Watanabe, Fish Nutrition and Marine Culture: JICA Text Book General Course, University of Fisheries, Japan, 1988.
A. D. Eaton, L. S. Clesceri, E. W. Rice, and A. E. Greenberg, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association (APHA) Press, Washington, DC, 21st edition, 2005.
AOAC Int., Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 2006.
M. A. Suprayudi, M. Maeda, H. Hidayatullah, W. Widanarni, M. Setiawati, and J. Ekasari, “The positive contributions of PowerLac^TM supplementation to the production performance, feed utilization and disease resistance of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.),” Aquaculture Research, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 2145–2156, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. C. Blaxhall and K. W. Daisley, “Routine haematological methods for use with fish blood,” Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 771–781, 1973.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. T. T. Hien, T. T. T. Hoa, P. T. Liem, S. Onoda, and P. M. Duc, “Effects of dietary supplementation of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 on growth performance and immune response of bighead catfish (Clarias macrocephalus),” Aquaculture Reports, vol. 20, Article ID 100741, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. O. Dawood, F. I. Magouz, M. F. I. Salem, and H. A. Abdel-Daim, “Modulation of digestive enzyme activity, blood health, oxidative responses and growth-related gene expression in GIFT by heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum (L-137),” Aquaculture, vol. 505, pp. 127–136, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Wu, T. Teame, Q. Hao et al., “Use of a paraprobiotic and postbiotic feed supplement (HWF^TM) improves the growth performance, composition and function of gut microbiota in hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baerii x Acipenser schrenckii),” Fish & Shellfish Immunology, vol. 104, pp. 36–45, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Julie Ekasari et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

472

Downloads

253

Citations