Effects of Dietary Fish Meal Replacement with Alternative Protein Ingredients and Their Combinations on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Fillet Composition, and Biochemical Parameters of Red Seabream (Pagrus major)

Table 1

Formulation and proximate compositions of the experimental diets (% dry matter).

	Experimental diets
	CON	SPC	CG	MM	CM	SCG	SMM	SCM	CMM	CCM	MCM	MIX
Tuna-byproduct meal	30.0	15.0	15.0	15.0	15.0	15.0	15.0	15.0	15.0	15.0	15.0	15.0
Pollock fishmeal	15.0	7.50	7.50	7.50	7.50	7.50	7.50	7.50	7.50	7.50	7.50	7.50
Sardine fishmeal	15.0	7.50	7.50	7.50	7.50	7.50	7.50	7.50	7.50	7.50	7.50	7.50
Soy protein concentrate		30.2				15.1	15.1	15.1				7.55
Corn gluten meal			30.8			15.4			15.4	15.4		7.70
Meat meal				24.1			12.1		12.1		12.1	6.03
Chicken byproduct meal					31.2			15.6		15.6	15.6	7.8
Squid liver powder	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00
Wheat flour	28.18	25.98	24.98	34.08	28.98	25.68	30.03	27.48	29.73	27.18	31.53	28.60
Mono calcium phosphate	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
Lecithin	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Fish oil	6.00	8.00	8.40	6.00	4.00	8.00	7.00	6.00	7.00	6.00	5.00	6.50
Choline	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12
Vitamin C	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
Vitamin premix^1	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
Mineral premix^2	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
Proximate composition
Crude protein	47.5	46.2	47.1	47.2	46.9	46.3	48.2	46.8	47.9	46.6	48.2	47.5.
Crude lipid	14.4	13.1	14.1	14.1	13.5	14.3	13.6	13.5	13.5	13.5	13.6	14.1
Ash	12.6	8.40	7.40	8.60	14.0	7.30	8.80	11.2	7.90	10.7	11.3	9.60

Note: ¹Vitamin mixture composition (unit/kg mix): ascorbic acid, 6,400 mg; tocopherol acetate, 37,500 mg; thiamin nitrate, 5,000 mg; riboflavin, 10,000 mg; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 5,000 mg; nicotinic acid, 37,500 mg; Ca-D-pantothenate, 17,500 mg; inositol, 75,000 mg; biotin, 50 mg; folic acid, 2,500 mg; menadione sodium bisulfite, 2,500 mg; retinol acetate, 5,000,000 IU; cholecalciferol, 1,000,000 IU; cyanocobalamin, 25 mg; riboflavin, 10,000 mg, ²Mineral mixture composition (g/kg mix); ferrous fumarate, 12.5; manganese sulfate, 11.3, ferrous sulfate, 20; cupric sulfate, 1.25; cobaltous sulfate, 0.75; zinc sulfate, 13.75; calcium iodate, 0.75; magnesium sulfate, 80.2; aluminum hydroxide, 0.75. CON, 60% FM; SPC, 30% FM with SPC; CG, 30% FM with CG; MM, 30% FM with MM; CM, 30% FM with CM; SCG, 30% FM with SPC and GC; SMM, 30% FM with SPC and MM; SCM, 30% FM with SPC and CM; CMM, 30% FM CG and MM; CCM, 30% FM with CG and CM; MCM, 30% FM with MM and CM; MIX, 30% FM with SPC, GC, MM, and CM.