Potential of Chinese Yam (<i>Dioscorea polystachya</i> Turczaninow) By-Product as a Feed Additive in Largemouth Bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>): Turning Waste into Valuable Resources

Chen, Mingshi; Liu, Yang; Bao, Xiaoxue; Yue, Yuhua; Tong, Binbin; Yang, Xionghui; Yu, Hui; Yang, Ying; Liu, Yuhong; Yu, Yingying

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9983499

Aquaculture Nutrition

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2023 | Article ID 9983499 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9983499

Potential of Chinese Yam (Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow) By-Product as a Feed Additive in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides): Turning Waste into Valuable Resources

Mingshi Chen,¹Yang Liu,¹Xiaoxue Bao,¹Yuhua Yue,¹Binbin Tong,²Xionghui Yang,²Hui Yu,¹Ying Yang,¹Yuhong Liu,¹and Yingying Yu¹

Academic Editor: Shivendra Kumar

Received21 Feb 2023

Revised15 Apr 2023

Accepted18 Apr 2023

Published17 May 2023

Abstract

Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow) by-product produced in the water extraction process is commonly directly discarded resulting in a waste of resources and environmental pollution. However, the value of Chinese yam by-product which still contains effective ingredients is far from being fully realized; hence, it has the potential to be a safe and effective feed additive in aquaculture. To investigate the impacts of Chinese yam by-product on growth performance, antioxidant ability, histomorphology, and intestinal microbiota of Micropterus salmoides, juvenile fish (initial weight 1 g) were fed diets supplemented with 0% (control), 0.1% (S1), 0.4% (S2), and 1.6% (S3) of Chinese yam by-product for 60 days. The results showed that no significant difference was found in weight gain, specific growth rate, and survival among all the experimental groups (). Feed conversion ratios of the S1 and S3 groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (). SOD activity of the S3 group and GSH contents of Chinese yam by-product groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (). MDA levels of the S2 and S3 groups were significantly lower than those in the control group and the S1 group (). Besides, Chinese yam by-product could protect liver and intestine health, as well as increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria and decrease the abundance of potential pathogens. This study suggests that Chinese yam by-product has the potential to be used as a functional feed additive in aquaculture, providing a reference for efficient recovery and utilization of by-products from plant sources during processing and culturing high-quality aquatic products.

1. Introduction

Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow) is the homology of medicine and food, and it is favored by people for its good flavor, rich nutrition, and excellent health function. The main nutrient composition of Chinese yam includes moisture (86.14%), ash (1.36%), total nitrogen (0.154%), reducing sugar (0.83%), mucoitin (1.47%), starch (6.57%), crude lipid (0.52%), and crude fiber (0.64%) [1]. The active functional ingredients of Chinese yam include polysaccharide, allantoin, dioscin, polyphenol, and adenosine [2]. Chinese yam by-product is mainly derived from the processing of Chinese yam, the production of light chemical products containing Chinese yam, and the decoction of Chinese yam medicine [3]. A large number of by-products from plant sources such as Chinese yam during processing are generally disposed by stacking (mainly in the form of), landfilling, and incineration; meanwhile, they are prone to decay, bacteria, and odor after long-term stacking because of their high water content, leading to severe resource waste and serious environmental pollution, further posing high risks to human health [4, 5]. Influenced by production methods and process conditions, at least 30%-70% of the active ingredients are not completely extracted and remain in by-products [6, 7]. Chinese yam by-product still contains cellulose (up to 85.48%) [8], trace element, and active substance, indicating that Chinese yam by-product has a high medicinal and commercial value for development and utilization. Consequently, how to effectively utilize Chinese yam by-product is a key problem to reduce environmental pollution and make waste profitable [9]. Chinese yam by-product supplemented in animal feed is a promising treatment method, which can reduce the waste of resources, promote the healthy development of aquaculture, and generate economic and environmental benefits due to its low cost and readily availability. The research showed that Rehmannia glutinosa and Chinese yam by-product could improve the growth rate of Hu sheep [10]. However, the potential usages of Chinese yam by-product as a feed additive on aquatic animals have received little attention.

Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is one of the most important cultured freshwater fishes in China, with an annual production of more than 0.7 million tons in 2021 [11]. However, intensive aquaculture has accelerated water quality deterioration, causing poor growth, oxidative stress, intestinal dysbacteriosis, and low immunity of fish. It is necessary to find safe and effective feed additives in high-density culture and achieve environment-friendly and healthy aquaculture. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of Chinese yam by-product supplemented in diets on growth performance, antioxidant ability, histomorphology, and intestinal microbiota of juvenile M. salmoides, providing a reference for efficient recovery and utilization of by-products from plant sources during processing and culturing high-quality aquatic products.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Diets

Chinese yam by-product produced in the water extraction process and its main active ingredients determination (Table S1 and Figure S1-2) were provided and analyzed by Guangdong Yifang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Foshan, China). Based on the concentration of Chinese yam [12] and yam extract [13] used in the previous researches, the content of effective components in Chinese yam by-product, and the nutritional requirement of juvenile M. salmoides, the diets of four groups were supplemented with 0% (control), 0.1% (S1), 0.4% (S2), and 1.6% (S3) of Chinese yam by-product, respectively. All feed materials were powdered and passed through a 40-mesh sieve, precisely weighted, and remixed with a blender. The 2 mm diameter pellets were extruded by a pelletizer, air-dried, and stored at −20°C until use. The chemical composition of the experimental diets was detected by Chen [14]. Crude protein was determined using the Kjeldahl method, and crude lipid was determined using the Soxhlet extraction method. Moisture was determined by drying in an oven at 105°C for constant weight. The samples were carbonized to smokeless in an electric furnace at about 100°C and then burned in a muffle furnace at 550°C for a constant weight to measure the ash content after the sample cooling. The formulation and nutritional composition of experimental diets are shown in Table 1.

2.2. Animals and Sampling

The experiment was conducted according to the guidelines of the animal research ethics committee of Foshan University (approval number: 2020056). Juvenile M. salmoides were purchased from Foshan Sanshui Baijin Aquatic Seedling Co., Ltd. (Foshan, China). After acclimation for two weeks, 480 fish of similar weight (mean initial weight: g) were randomly assigned to four groups (four replications in each group and 30 fish in each replication) in the circulating aquaculture system for 60 days. Fish were fed twice daily to visual satiation at 8 : 00 and 18 : 00. Feed intake and dead fish were recorded every day. During the experiment, water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and NH₄-N were maintained at 27-30°C, 7.7-8.2, >6.0 mg/L, and <0.1 mg/L, respectively.

At the end of the feeding trial, the total body weight of all fish in each tank was determined after fasting for 24 h. Fish were anesthetized with 10 mg/L buffered MS-222. The blood samples were collected by caudal venipuncture using 1 mL of sterile syringes and stored in a tube containing heparin sodium at 4°C for 1 h before being centrifuged (3500 rpm, 4°C). Then, the serum was collected and stored at -80°C until analyzed. Livers and intestinal contents of six fish were sampled and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen before storage at -80°C. Two fish were used to obtain liver and intestine samples used for histomorphology.

2.3. Histological Observation

Fresh livers and intestines were collected, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, dehydrated with a graded alcohol series, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 5 μm, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Sections were observed with an optical microscope and photographed at 200 X. Besides, tissues were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, rinsed with PBS buffer, and embedded in resin. Thick sections were made on an ultramicrotome, stained with 2% uranyl acetate for 15 min and then lead citrate for 5 min, and examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM, HITACHI HT7700, 120 kv).

2.4. Biochemistry Assay

About 0.1 g of frozen liver samples was homogenized in precooling 0.9% physiological saline at a ratio of 1 : 9 (). The homogenate was then centrifuged for 15 min (3000 rpm, 4°C) and the supernatant was collected. The superoxide dismutase (SOD, WST-1 method), glutathione (GSH, microplate test), malondialdehyde (MDA, thiobarbituric acid method), and total protein (TP, Bradford method) of the liver by methods of Wen et al. [15] and Chen et al. [16], as well as alanine aminotransferase (ALT, microplate test) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, microplate test) of serum by the method of Reitman and Frankel [17], were determined following respective kit manufacturer guidelines (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioeng. Inst., China).

2.5. Intestinal Microbiome Analysis

The genomic DNA of the intestinal content samples was extracted using the QIAamp Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. PCR amplification was done using 16S rRNA region V3–V4-specific primers 341F (5-CCTACGGGNGGCWGCAG-3) and 806R (5-GGACTACHVGGGTATCTAAT-3). The amplified products were extracted, purified, and quantified using QuantiFluor™. The sequencing library was constructed and sequenced on the Illumina PE250 platform by Genedenovo Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China). Bioinformatic analyses were done using Omicsmart.

2.6. Statistical Analyses

Analysis results were presented as error of the means (SEM). All data analyses were done on SPSS 21.0 (Chicago, IL, USA) and analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Where significant differences () emerged after one-way ANOVA analysis, group means were compared further using Duncan’s multiple range test. If the variance of the data was uneven, Tamhane’s test would be applied followed by pairwise multiple comparisons. The comparison of alpha diversity indexes was calculated by the Tukey HSD test. Statistical analysis of beta diversity was conducted by the Adonis test. The differential abundance of indicator species at the genus level and intestinal microbial community was calculated by indicator analysis and LEfSe analysis, respectively. 16S rRNA functional prediction was inferred by PICRUSt2 analysis and Welch’s -test.

3. Results

3.1. Growth Performance

The growth performance of M. salmoides is shown in Figure 1. Survival, weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR) did not differ significantly across experimental groups for 60 days (). However, feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the control group was significantly higher than that of the S1 and S3 groups ().

3.2. Biochemistry Assay

As shown in Figure 2, the activity of SOD of the control group was significantly higher than that of the S1 and S2 groups (), but significantly lower than that of the S3 group (P <0.05). The GSH content of the control group was significantly lower than that of the Chinese yam by-product groups (). MDA levels in the control and S1 groups were significantly higher than those in the S2 and S3 groups (). The AST activity of the control group was significantly higher than those in the S2 and S3 groups (); meanwhile, the ALT activity of the control group was significantly higher than that of the S1 and S3 groups ().

3.3. Histological Observation

Histopathological changes including infiltration of hemocytes, lipid droplets, vacuolization, and hepatocyte hypertrophy were observed in the control group (Figure 3(A)). Compared with the control, Chinese yam by-product groups had less histopathological damage (Figures 3(B)–3(D)). No histopathological abnormalities of the intestine were observed in all groups (Figures 3(A)–3(D)). Besides, TEM analysis showed that compared with the control, lipid droplet of hepatocytes and vacuolation of the intestine significantly decreased in the S3 group (Figure 4).

3.4. The Composition and Functional Changes of Intestinal Microbiota

As shown in Figures 5(a)–5(c), there were significant differences in Sob, Chao1, and Shannon between the control and S2 groups (, ). Meanwhile, there were significant differences in Sob and Chao1 between the control and S3 groups (). Venn diagram analysis revealed that the control group, S2 group, and S3 group had 56, 6, and 32 unique genera, respectively (Figure 5(d)). The PCoA based on the weighted UniFrac distances showed that samples of the control clustered separately from those of the S2 and S3 groups (Figure 5(e)). The values obtained using the Adonis test for distances were significant (). The groups supplemented with Chinese yam by-product changed the composition and diversity of intestinal microbiota at the phylum and genus levels. Tenericutes, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes were the most abundant phyla in the control group and the S2 group, while Tenericutes, Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria were the most abundant phyla in the S3 group (Figure 5(f)). At the genera level, compared to the control, Mycoplasma in the S2 and S3 groups were significantly increased, while unclassified and other bacteria were significantly decreased (Figure 5(g)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

As revealed in Figure 6, LEfSe analysis showed that Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Pseudomonadaceae, Anoxybacillus, Azospirillales, Azospirillaceae, Azospirillum, Enterobacter, and Achromobacter were the dominant genera in S3. Pseudonocardiaceae and Pseudonocardiales were the dominant genera in S2. Furthermore, there were 49 dominant genera in the control group, such as Rhizobiales, Betaproteobacteriales, Rhodobacteraceae, Rhodobacterales, Bacteroidetes, Bacteroidia, Bacteroidales, Dysgonomonadaceae, Beijerinckiaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Verrucomicrobiae. In addition, indicator species analysis showed that compared with the control, Acetobacter and Commensalibacter in the S2 group, as well as Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Enterobacter, and Achromobacter in the S3 group increased, whereas Dysgonomonas, Rahnella, Shinella, Tyzzerella 3, Leucobacter, Tabrizicola, Pseudoxanthomonas, Gemmobacter, Roseomonas, OM60NOR5, Aurantimicrobium, Dechloromonas, and Sandaracinobacter decreased (Figure 7(A)).

(a)

(b)

The results of functional change were inferred from PICRUSt2 analysis. At KEGG level 2, compared with the control S2 and S3 groups, endocrine system and neurodegenerative diseases were enriched in the control group, respectively (Figures 7(a) and 7(c)). Functional pathways at level 3, including nitrogen metabolism, insulin signaling pathway, and ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes were enriched in the control group (Figures 7(b) and 7(d)).

4. Discussion

This is the first study to evaluate the growth performance, antioxidant ability, histomorphology, and intestinal microbiota of juvenile M. salmoides fed with yam by-product in diets. In this study, the result showed that Chinese yam by-product did not exert a significant effect on WG, SGR, and survival. Similar with this study, after the 56-day feeding trial, Chinese yam at concentrations of 1% and 2% had no remarkable difference in WG, SGR, and survival of Cyprinus carpio [18]. Yam extract at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% [13] and Chinese yam peel at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% [19] had no significant difference in WG and SGR of fish after the 56-day feeding trial. However, after the 28-day trial, Chinese yam at concentrations of 1% and 2% [20] and Dioscorea opposita beans at concentrations of 3% and 5% [21] could significantly improve the growth of weaned piglets. Chinese yam at a concentration of 4% significantly improved the daily gain, feed intake, and FCR of black-bone chicken after the 8-week trial [22]. Based on the result in this study, we speculated that the low concentrations of Chinese yam by-product supplemented in diets did not exert a significant impact on the growth of juvenile M. salmoides. Besides, compared to livestock and poultry, the utilization of Chinese yam by fish and the environment could affect the effects of Chinese yam by-product as a feed additive on the growth of fish [23]. Besides, the results of H&E staining and TEM analysis indicated that Chinese yam by-product could reduce histopathological damage and protect the structural integrity of the liver and intestine, in agreement with previous studies [18, 24]. A study showed that compared with the control group, the groups added with concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% yam peel could increase the intestinal villus height and muscle thickness of Carassius auratus () and contribute to hepatocyte integrity after an 8-week feeding trial [19]. In addition, the permeability of the cell membrane increases when the hepatocytes are damaged, and ALT and AST in the liver are released into the blood, leading to the elevation of ALT and AST levels in the serum [25]. In this study, the AST activity in the control group was significantly higher than those in the S2 and S3 groups; meanwhile, the ALT activity in the control group was significantly higher than those in the S1 and S3 groups. It further indicated that Chinese yam by-product could protect liver health.

Antioxidant defense mechanism in organisms mainly includes antioxidant enzymes and nonenzymatic complexes [26]. SOD is the most important antioxidant enzyme in eukaryotes [27]. GSH, an endogenous antioxidant and exogenous antidote, is involved in metabolic regulation [28]. MDA, one of the final products of polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation in the cells, is commonly known as a marker of oxidative stress and antioxidant status [29]. This study showed that the SOD activity of the S3 group and GSH contents of the Chinese yam by-product groups were significantly higher than those in the control; meanwhile, MDA levels in the control and S1 groups were significantly higher than in the S2 and S3 groups. It indicated that Chinese yam by-product had significant antioxidant stress effects. Similar with this study, previous studies have reported that Chinese yam [30] and yam polysaccharides [31] could increase SOD activity and decrease MDA level in mice. Aqueous extract of yam had obvious oxidative stress resistance in H₂O₂-induced Caenorhabditis elegans [32]. Chinese yam polysaccharides have a good antioxidant effect and can potently scavenge DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide radical [33]. Its hydroxyl radical scavenging activity can reach the same level of vitamin C [34]. Allantoin and phenolics from the water extract of yam peel also have antioxidative effects [35]. Therefore, we speculated that Chinese yam by-product displayed superior properties in antioxidation associated with the principal component of polysaccharide, allantoin, and phenolics.

Intestinal microbiota can prevent the colonization of infectious agents, enhance the host mucosal immunity and function, and promote the digestion and absorption of nutrients [36, 37]. In this study, the most abundant phyla in the control and S2 groups were Tenericutes, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes. Similarly, Tenericutes, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes were the dominant bacteria in M. salmoides in all groups after the 60-day Azomite feeding test [38], while Tenericutes, Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria were the top three abundant phyla in the S3 group. The results showed that Chinese yam by-product significantly affected the composition of intestinal bacteria of juvenile M. salmoides, and there might be a competitive relationship among the top three phyla. At the genus level, Chinese yam by-product affected the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bacilli, Enterobacter, Acetobacter, and Achromobacter and potential pathogens such as Bacteroidetes, Shinella, Stenotrophomonas, Dechloromonas, and Rhodobacter. For instance, Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas are the common probiotics used in aquaculture [39]. Acetobacter can produce by-products such as acetic and gluconic acids, effectively inhibiting the growth of some common pathogenic bacteria associated with food poisoning [40]. Although Stenotrophomonas species are considered to be opportunistic pathogens affecting human and plants, they can secrete important secondary metabolites and have a promising biocontrol efficacy in recent times [41]. Achromobacter can reduce oxidative stress by increasing amounts of superoxide anion and improving SOD activity [42]. A study has reported that Spirulina platensis polysaccharide could increase the abundance of Achromobacter of Caenorhabditis elegans to regulate SOD [43]. Thus, in this study, Chinese yam by-product at a concentration of 1.6% potentially regulated the abundance of Achromobacter to improve the antioxidant capacity by regulating the SOD activity. Due to its obvious inhibition of some intestinal bacteria such as potential pathogens, there was a decline in the diversity of intestinal bacteria in M. salmoides fed with Chinese yam by-product for 60 days as indicated by the low values of Sob, Chao1, and Shannon indexes. Although these disease-related bacteria were not necessarily pathogenic, these bacteria might suggest that the intestine of M. salmoides was in a potentially pathogenic environment. Therefore, Chinese yam by-product may have a positive impact on reducing the number of pathogenic bacteria and increasing the number of beneficial bacteria to enhance the homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota. Remarkably, previous studies reported that Chinese yam significantly improved the diversity of intestinal flora in mice [44, 45]. Diet supplemented with concentrations of 1% and 2% Chinese yam [18] and yam peel [23] changed the microbial community characteristics and markedly increased Shannon and Simpson of Cyprinus carpio after an 8-week feeding trial. These studies were inconsistent with the present study. A possible reason for this finding was that the experimental species are different. Further research is needed to investigate the exact mechanism of Chinese yam by-product in M. salmoides.

5. Conclusion

Overall, the present study demonstrated that the addition of Chinese yam by-product to the diet of M. salmoides could result in significant improvements in antioxidant capacity, liver and intestine health, and intestinal flora after a 60-day feeding trial. These findings suggest that Chinese yam by-product has the potential to be served as a valuable functional feed additive in aquaculture, allowing for the conversion of waste into a valuable resource.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article and the supplemental file.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the fund of the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding (2019B030301010), the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2019A1515110068), and the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2019B110209005).

Supplementary Materials

Table S1: the content of adenosine and allantoin in Chinese yam by-product. Figure S1: chromatogram of adenosine in Chinese yam by-product and its standard. Figure S2: chromatogram of allantoin in Chinese yam by-product and its standard. (Supplementary Materials)

References

Y. F. Cui, L. J. Zhang, Y. Feng, and F. Chen, “Research progress on active components and nutritional functions of Chinese yam,” Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 372–383, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Y. Guo and X. Y. Tang, “Research progress on nutritional quality, influencing factors and evaluation methods of Chinese yam,” Food and Nutrition in China, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 53–60, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Lu and C. L. Li, “Comprehensive utilization of Chinese medicine residues for industry and environment protection: turning waste into treasure,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 279, article 123856, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Y. Tao, J. J. Jin, Y. P. Zheng, and S. Li, “Current advances of resource utilization of herbal extraction residues in China,” Waste and Biomass Valorization, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 5853–5868, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. L. Wu, X. Z. Xiao, and Y. B. Li, “The utilizing situation of Chinese medicine residue,” Guangdong Chemical Industry, vol. 42, no. 14, pp. 103–105, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. F. Jiao, Study of Microbial Strains Screening for Transformation and Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine Dregs, [M.S. thesis], Zhejiang Normal University, 2021.
Q. Liu, W. Zhong, X. Yang et al., “Nutritional value analysis and bacteriostatic effect evaluation of 21 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine dregs,” Feed Research, vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 94–99, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Zhou, H. P. Yang, J. Zou, Z. H. Liu, and H. P. Chen, “Correlation analysis between characteristics of feedstock and thermogravimetric/pyrolytic characteristics of herb residues,” Biomass Chemical Engineering, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 8–16, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. D. Tan, X. D. Wang, J. S. Huang, J. Y. Liu, Y. J. Yang, and Z. X. Ye, “Research progress in the technology of traditional Chinese medicine residue recycling,” Chinese Traditional Patent Medicine, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 847–849, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. L. Wan, Q. Chen, L. Zhu, W. B. Wang, J. Jing, and Y. H. Ling, “Effect of prepared Rehmannia glutinosa and Chinese yam residue instead of partial fodder on Hu sheep,” Journal of Anhui Science and Technology University, vol. 32, no. 4, p. 8, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
China Fishery Statistical Yearbook, Fishery Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China, 2022.
Y. Zhang, Y. Zhou, Z. H. Hong, X. M. Yan, T. Zhang, and J. Zhang, “Protective effect of rhizoma dioscoreae in rats with renal ischemia-reperfusion injury,” Jiangsu Medical Journal, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 809–811, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Wang, C. G. Li, Y. W. Ma, F. Liu, and M. X. Jie, “Effects of yam extract on growth performance and non-specific immune parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss),” Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 167–172, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Y. Chen, Feed Analysis and Inspection, China Agricultural University Press, China, 2008.
B. Wen, S. R. Jin, Z. Z. Chen et al., “Single and combined effects of microplastics and cadmium on the cadmium accumulation, antioxidant defence and innate immunity of the discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus),” Environmental Pollution, vol. 243, Part A, pp. 462–471, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. S. Chen, X. X. Bao, Y. H. Yue et al., “Combined effects of cadmium and nanoplastics on oxidative stress, histopathology, and intestinal microbiota in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides),” Aquaculture, vol. 569, article 739363, 2023.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Reitman and S. Frankel, “A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases,” American Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 56–63, 1957.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Li, H. Cao, G. K. Yang et al., “Effects of Chinese yam on growth, gut defense barrier and intestinal microflora of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.),” Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 1831–1844, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. P. Hu, S. K. Wu, H. Li, H. Cao, X. L. Meng, and G. X. Nie, “The influence of the Chinese yam peel on serum biochemistry, immunity indexes and tissue structure of Carassius auratus,” Freshwater Fisheries, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 79–86, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. G. Zhao and N. Wang, “Effects of yam on growth performance and diarrhea rate in weaned piglets,” Animal Husbandry and Feed Science, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 45-46, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. G. Yang, H. Chang, and L. F. Wang, “Effect of Dioscorea opposita beans on the performance of weaned piglets,” China Feed, vol. 20, pp. 58–61, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Q. Yang and G. Yang, “The effect of Chinese yam on the growth performance of mountain black-bone chicken,” Chinese Journal of Traditional Veterinary Science, vol. 5, pp. 13-14, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. P. Hu, Study on the Effect of Huai Chinese Yam on Improving the Immune Function and Intestinal Microecology of Carp (Cyprinus carpio), [M.S. thesis], Henan Normal University, 2020.
X. L. Meng, W. P. Hu, S. K. Wu et al., “Chinese yam peel enhances the immunity of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) by improving the gut defence barrier and modulating the intestinal microflora,” Fish & Shellfish Immunology, vol. 95, pp. 528–537, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Xu, Y. F. Yu, R. Sang, J. X. Li, B. J. Ge, and X. M. Zhang, “Protective effects of taraxasterol against ethanol-induced liver injury by regulating CYP2E1/Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways in mice,” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2018, Article ID 8284107, 11 pages, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Sun, F. Yin, S. M. Peng, and Z. H. Shi, “Effects of salinity on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in livers of juvenile Oplegnathus fasciatus,” Marine Fisheries, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 154–159, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. I. Lushchak, “Free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and its classification,” Chemico-Biological Interactions, vol. 224, pp. 164–175, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. B. Owen and D. A. Butterfield, “Measurement of oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio,” Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 648, pp. 269–277, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. N. Ding, S. S. Zhang, R. M. Razanajatovo, H. Zou, and W. B. Zhu, “Accumulation, tissue distribution, and biochemical effects of polystyrene microplastics in the freshwater fish red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus),” Environmental Pollution, vol. 238, pp. 1–9, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Q. Pang, Z. T. Luo, C. C. Wang et al., “Effects of Dioscorea polystachya 'yam gruel' on the cognitive function of diabetic rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via the gut-brain axis,” Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 273–283, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Wang, Y. X. Liu, Y. Q. Zhang et al., “Effects of the polysaccharides extracted from Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.) on cancer-related fatigue in mice,” Food & Function, vol. 12, no. 21, pp. 10602–10614, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Yang, Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of “Medicine Food Homology” Plant Extract Water, [M.S. thesis], Jilin University, 2017.
Y. Ju, Y. Xue, J. L. Huang, Q. Z. Zhai, and X. H. Wang, “Antioxidant Chinese yam polysaccharides and its pro-proliferative effect on endometrial epithelial cells,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 66, pp. 81–85, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Y. Zhou, G. L. Huang, and G. Y. Chen, “Extraction, structural analysis, derivatization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Chinese yam,” Food Chemistry, vol. 361, article 130089, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. X. Liu, H. F. Li, Y. Y. Fan et al., “Antioxidant and antitumor activities of the extracts from Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposite Thunb.) flesh and peel and the effective compounds,” Journal of Food Science, vol. 81, no. 6, pp. H1553–H1564, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. E. Ley, C. A. Lozupone, M. Hamady, R. Knight, and J. I. Gordon, “Worlds within worlds: evolution of the vertebrate gut microbiota,” Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 776–788, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. B. Xiong, W. F. Dai, J. Y. Zhu, K. S. Liu, C. M. Dong, and Q. F. Qiu, “The underlying ecological processes of gut microbiota among cohabitating retarded, overgrown and normal shrimp,” Microbial Ecology, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 988–999, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Y. Xu, X. Q. Li, Z. Xu, W. X. Yao, and X. J. Leng, “Dietary Azomite, a natural trace mineral complex, improved the growth, immunity response, intestine health and resistance against bacterial infection in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides),” Fish & Shellfish Immunology, vol. 108, pp. 53–62, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. K. Nayak, “Probiotics and immunity: a fish perspective,” Fish & Shellfish Immunology, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 2–14, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Kaashyap, M. Cohen, and N. Mantri, “Microbial diversity and characteristics of kombucha as revealed by metagenomic and physicochemical analysis,” Nutrients, vol. 13, no. 12, p. 4446, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. S. Adeleke, A. S. Ayangbenro, and O. O. Babalola, “Genomic assessment of Stenotrophomonas indicatrix for improved sunflower plant,” Current Genetics, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 891–907, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. S. Sazykin, M. A. Sazykina, L. E. Khmelevtsova, E. Y. Seliverstova, K. S. Karchava, and M. V. Zhuravleva, “Antioxidant enzymes and reactive oxygen species level of the Achromobacter xylosoxidans bacteria during hydrocarbons biotransformation,” Archives of Microbiology, vol. 200, no. 7, pp. 1057–1065, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. H. Chen, X. Z. Wan, D. S. Wu et al., “Characterization of the structure and analysis of the anti-oxidant effect of microalga Spirulina platensis polysaccharide on Caenorhabditis elegans mediated by modulating microRNAs and gut microbiota,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 163, pp. 2295–2305, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. P. Sun, T. Liu, Y. P. Si et al., “Integrated metabolomics and 16S rRNA sequencing to investigate the regulation of Chinese yam on antibiotic-induced intestinal dysbiosis in rats,” Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 3382–3390, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Zhang, T. S. Liang, Q. Jin, C. Shen, Y. F. Zhang, and P. Jing, “Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.) alleviates antibiotic-associated diarrhea, modifies intestinal microbiota, and increases the level of short-chain fatty acids in mice,” Food Research International, vol. 122, pp. 191–198, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Mingshi Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies