Potential of Chinese Yam (Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow) By-Product as a Feed Additive in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides): Turning Waste into Valuable Resources

Table 1

Formulation and nutritional composition of experimental diets (% dry matter).

Ingredients	Control	S1	S2	S3
Fish meal	40	40	40	40
Soybean meal	20	20	20	20
Peanut meal	10	10	10	10
Wheat flour	12	11.9	11.6	10.4
Vital wheat gluten	7	7	7	7
Beer yeast	3	3	3	3
Fish oil	3	3	3	3
Soya lecithin	1	1	1	1
Choline chloride (50%)	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Monocalcium phosphate	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5
Vitamin mixture A^a	1	1	1	1
Mineral mixture B^b	1	1	1	1
Chinese yam by-product	0	0.1	0.4	1.6
Proximate composition
Moisture	9.07	9.58	9.88	9.01
Crude protein	27.19	27.29	26.93	26.48
Crude lipid	11.75	11.49	10.05	12.68
Ash	12.57	12.28	12.62	12.41

^aVitamin mixture A (IU or mg/kg diet): VA 250000 IU, VD3 45000 IU, VC 7000 mg, riboflavin 750 mg, cyanocobalamin 1 mg, thiamine 250 mg, pyridoxine hydrochloride 400 mg, menadione 250 mg, folic acid 125 mg, biotin 10 mg, alpha-tocopherol 2.5 g, inositol 8000 mg, calcium pantothenate 1250 mg, niacin 2000 mg, and choline chloride 8000 mg. ^bMineral mixture B (mg/kg diet): NaCl 2.6 g, KCl 5.3 g, CaCO₃ 37.9 g, KI 0.04 g, CuSO₄·5H₂O 0.02 g, ZnSO₄·7H₂O 0.04 g, CoSO₄·7H₂O 0.02 g, FeSO₄·7H₂O 0.9 g, MnSO₄·H₂O 0.03 g, CaHPO₄·2H₂O 9.8 g, and MgSO₄·7H₂O 3.5 g.